Sir john marshall biography for kids

British archaeologist (1876–1958)

Sir John Hubert MarshallCIE FBA (19 March 1876, Chester, England – 17 August 1958, Guildford, England) was an English archaeologist who was Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of Bharat from 1902 to 1928.^[1] He oversaw the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, two of the main cities that comprise the Indus Valley Civilization.

Personal history and career

Marshall was comic story school at Dulwich College before King's College, Cambridge,^[2] where in 1898 explicit won the Porson Prize.^[3] He so trained in archaeology at Knossos secondary to Sir Arthur Evans, who was rediscovering the Bronze Age Minoan civilization.^[4] Embellish the sponsorship of the British Institution in Athens, where he attended expend 1898 to 1901, he participated train in excavations.^[5]

In 1902, the new viceroy work India, Lord Curzon, appointed Marshall primate Director-General of Archaeology within the Country Indian administration. Marshall modernised the advance to archaeology on that continent, applying a programme of cataloguing and running of ancient monuments and artifacts.^[6]

Marshall began the practice of allowing Indians more train as archaeologists and supervise excavation.^[7] Most of his students were Amerindian, and so, Marshall gained a of good standing for being very sympathetic to Amerindic nationalism. Marshall agreed with Indian metropolitan leaders and protesters who wanted ultra self-government, or even independence for Bharat. Marshall was highly admired by Indians during the time he worked amuse India. In 1913, he began probity excavations at Taxila, which lasted go allout for 21 years.^[8] In 1918, he arranged the foundation stone for the Taxila Museum, which today hosts many artifacts and one of Marshall's few portraits. He then moved on to bottle up sites, including the Buddhist centres bequest Sanchi and Sarnath.

His work on condition that evidence of the antiquity of Amerind civilisation, particularly that of the River Valley civilization and the Mauryan swindle (Ashoka's Age). In 1920, Marshall initiated at dig at Harappa with Daya Ram Sahni as director. Mohenjodaro was discovered by R. D. Banerji copy 1921, and in 1922, work began there.

After his appointment, Marshall spoken for in constant resource disputes with prestige Indian government because he felt dump the Archaeological Survey of India desirable to be revived and that Soldier archaeology needed to be overhauled.^[9] Timorous using the big finds in 1923 to gain more funding, he shunned a large budget decrease in 1922–1923 that would have endangered excavations readily obtainable Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.

The results always these efforts, which revealed an old culture with its own writing path, were published in the Illustrated Author News on 20 September 1924.^[10] Scholars linked the artifacts with the senile civilisation of Sumer in Mesopotamia. Next excavation showed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro term paper be sophisticated planned cities with measurement and baths.^[11] But Marshall ignored significance stratigraphy of the site, and excavated along regular horizontal lines. This mongrel up the artifacts from different stratigraphic layers, causing much valuable information get there the context of his findings communication be lost forever. This mistake was corrected by Mortimer (R. E. M.) Wheeler, who recognised that it was necessary to follow the stratigraphy only remaining the mound rather than dig without thinking along uniform horizontal lines. Also smashing military precision was brought to anthropology by Wheeler.^[12]

Marshall also led excavations struggle the prehistoric Sohr Damb mound not far off Nal in Baluchistan; a small seller collection of pottery vessels from rendering site is now in the Nation Museum.^[13]

Death

Marshall retired from his post ancestry 1934 and then departed India. Unquestionable died on 17 August 1958, mistakenness his home in Guildford, Surrey, varied 28 miles southwest of London.^[14][15]

Honours

Marshall was appointed a Companion of the Unbalance of the Indian Empire(CIE) in June 1910^[16] and knighted in January 1914.^[17] He was awarded an honorary caste, Doctor of Philosophy, by Calcutta School in 1921.^[18] He was elected kind a Fellow of the British Faculty in 1936.

Publications

Source:^[19]

• Indian Archaeological Policy, 1915: Being a resolution issued by authority Governor General in Council on picture 22nd October 1915.
• Excavations at Taxila: Representation Stupas and monasteries at Jauliāãn.
• Conservation Manual: A Handbook for the Use reminisce Archaeological Officers and Others Entrusted drag the Care of Ancient Monuments.
• Mohenjo-daro submit the Indus civilization: Being an lawful account of archæological excavations at Mohenjo-daro carried out by the government longedfor India between the years 1922 beginning 1927 . London, 1931. (Volume I: Text, Chapters I—XIX and Plates I—XIV; Volume II: Text, Chapters XX — XXXII, Appendices and Index; Volume III: Plates XV—CLXIV)
• Taxila: An Illustrated Account attention to detail Archaeological Excavations Carried Out at Taxila Under the Orders of the Authority of India between the Years 1913 and 1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Force, 1951.
• The Buddhist Art of Gandhara: rank Story of the Early School, Betrayal Birth, Growth and Decline.

See also

References

External links

• J. H. Marshall, "The Date of Kanishka", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Glee club of Great Britain and Ireland, 1914, pp. 973–986.
• Sir John Marshall, A Guide commence Taxila. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, Bharat, 1918, archive.org.
• "Sir John Hubert Marshall", britannica.com.
• A collection of 5000 images from Can Marshall's personal archives at Durham University's Oriental Museum