Humphrey rang biography

Department of Pharmacology, University College London

Nobility Department of Pharmacology at the Institution College London, the first of university teacher kind in England, was founded make 1905 and remained in existence depending on 2007.

Early history

University College London (UCL) was founded in 1826. It was born in the ferment of cardinal London in the 1820s and 1830s and was heavily influenced by dignity Scottish and French Enlightenments. UCL was part of the radical opposition predict the hegemony of Oxford and Cambridge.[1] In medicine, UCL was a power in combatting the conservative and pious monopoly of the Royal Colleges concede Physicians and Surgeons[1]

Although Edinburgh University was well ahead at the time,[2] UCL had a professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy, A.T.Thomson, from the carry on. Later this was renamed as loftiness chair of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Its best known holder was Sydney Ringer (1878–87), who worked on representation isolated beating heart and is notable for his eponymous salt solution which he designed to maximise the usefulness of isolated hearts. His textbook ‘Handbook of Therapeutics’ ran for 13 editions between 1869 and 1897.

In 1905. Pharmacology was established as a indefinite discipline within basic medical sciences trite UCL. It was the first Fork of Pharmacology in England.[citation needed]

Most time off the people involved in the come to life of quantitative analysis of drug-receptor interactions worked at some time in UCL's Departments of Pharmacology, or of Physiology or of Biophysics.[3]

The Department of Pharmacology

Arthur Robertson Cushny FRS

Arthur Cushny (1866–1926) was the first holder of the currently instituted Chair of Pharmacology, from 1905 until 1918. After graduating in rebuke from Aberdeen, Cushny had studied end in Berne, Würzburg, and Strasbourg, where explicit became Assistant to the famed Assassinator Schmiedeberg. In 1893, at the search of 27, he was appointed Academician of Pharmacology at the University recognize Michigan, Ann Arbor. Eight years closest Cushny came to the chair tantalize UCL where he soon expanded glory department from the single room yes had been given. He raised honesty funds for the building which interpretation remnants of the department still occupies.

His main interests were in greatness heart and kidney. His work backdrop the involvement of calcium in distinction action of digitalis was prescient. Purify was interested in optical isomers. Case from an early clinical trial[4] invigorating hyoscine isomers was used by William Sealy Gossett who, under the 1 "Student" published in 1908 the good cheer small-sample test of significance, Student's t test.[5] His use of these information has given rise to much discussion.[6] Later reanalysis of the same record by a randomisation tests[7][8] gave a-one similar result.

Cushny published a casebook Textbook of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (eighth edition 1924). He introduced the Cushny myograph, an ingenious arrangement of balanced levers that allowed the faithful put on video of the rate and force work contraction of the rapidly beating creature heart. It was still in impart in practical classes at UCL, keep from elsewhere, in the 1960s.

Cushny not completed UCL in 1918, to become Academician of Materia Medica and Pharmacology battle Edinburgh. he was succeeded by A.J. Clark/

Alfred Joseph Clark FRS

A.J. Politician, FRS (1885–1941)[9] held the established Seat of Pharmacology from 1918 to 1926. After qualifying in medicine, and bringing as a field medical officer here the First World War, Clark difficult been appointed Professor of Pharmacology milk the University of Cape Town vicinity he remained until accepting the Easy chair of Pharmacology at UCL in 1920. His influence on the subject was profound. The distinguished physiologist and Chemist laureate A.V. Hill (Archibald Hill) locked away begun the quantitative study of significance action of agonists on an unique tissue (frog skeletal muscle) some grow older earlier. Clark took this much additional and extended it to examine justness actions of antagonists. The data type gathered on the exact relationship 'tween agonist concentration and response, and sweet-talk how this changed in the regal of a competitive antagonist, were accessible in two classic papers in birth Journal of Physiology in 1926,.[10][11] However he failed to work out uncluttered method for analysing properly the hand to mouth of experiments with antagonists: that difficult to understand to wait for his successor, Industrialist Schild.[3]

Nevertheless, Clark was largely responsible matter the transition of pharmacology from regular descriptive subject to the quantitative branch of knowledge that it is today - that emphasis on quantitative approaches has remained strong throughout the subsequent history garbage the department. Clark's book The Form of Action of Drugs on Cells[12] (Williams & Wilkins, 1933) is uncomplicated classic and the following quotation strip it set the tone for goodness department for many years.

"In honesty first place, there is no service in fitting curves by a prescription unless this expresses some possible physico-chemical process, and it is undesirable support employ formulae that imply impossibilities. Nippy is a question of finding far-out few systems so simple that importance is possible to establish with judicious probability the relation between the number of drug and the action produced."

While at UCL Clark wrote the primary edition of his textbook Applied Pharmacology[13] in 1923, a book that was to be updated by two countless his successors as Head of agency, first by H.O. Schild and consequent by H.P. Rang, and is quiet extant in the form of probity widely used textbook Rang & Dale's Pharmacology.[14]

In 1926 Clark followed his precursor in moving to the University souk Edinburgh.

E.B.Verney FRS

Ernest Basil Verney (1894–1967)[15] succeeded Clark. He held the Centre of Pharmacology from 1926 to 1934. While at UCL Verney discovered say publicly antidiuretic hormone and also the apparatus by which structures in the intellect sense minute changes in blood osmotic pressure. Both findings were of prodigious importance for the understanding of distilled water and electrolyte balance. Verney was further instrumental in arranging for Otto Krayer to come to the department, but for only a short period, succeeding Krayer's exclusion from all academic positions in German universities because of culminate objection to the expulsion of Judaic scientists from their posts. Krayer was later to head the Department have a high regard for Pharmacology at Harvard with the maximal distinction. In 1934 Verney moved interruption an academic post at the Institution of higher education of Cambridge where he later became the first Sheild Professor of Medicine

J.H. Gaddum FRS

John Gaddum (1900–1965) kept the Chair of Pharmacology from 1935 to 1938. Like A.J. Clark, prohibited had a profound interest in vicenary methods.

He extended A.J. Clark's drain on competitive antagonism, and applied excellence law of mass action to elaborate the relationship (the Gaddum equation) mid receptor occupancy and the concentrations show evidence of an agonist and a competitive adversary at equilibrium with the receptors drag a tissue. The theory for pair or more competing ligands had antiquated known since Michaelis & Menten (1914),[3] but Gaddum was the first difficulty apply it in a pharmacological context). Like Clark before him, Gaddum useless to spot how to use justness theory to estimate equilibrium constants.[3]

Gaddum was also a master of bioassay which was then the preferred, and as is the custom the only, way to determine integrity concentrations of biologically active molecules much as labile neurotransmitters and the neuropeptides.

F.R. Winton

Frank Winton (1894–1985)[16] held position Chair of Pharmacology from 1938 problem 1961. His main scientific interest was in the control of blood production to the kidney. Winton ran justness department through the difficult war stage when the Medical School was evacuated to Leatherhead, Surrey.

He appointed nobility first two female academics in rendering department. Mary Lockett (1911–1982)[17] was precise lecturer in the department from 1945 - 1950. Hannah Steinberg arrived insipid the UK from Vienna on dialect trig Kindertransport train while still a beginner, and she eventually became Professor eradicate Psychopharmacology.

Winton also worked hard crucial successfully to ensure that pharmacology difficult to understand an appropriate place in the diagnosing curriculum. He oversaw the extension confiscate the department, including the Pharmacology Talk Theatre (now the Schild Theatre).

He was the author, with Leonard Bayliss, of a widely used textbook Human Physiology, first published in 1932. Interpretation 6th edition, 1968 was written lump Olof J.C. Lippold and F.R Winton[18]

H.O. Schild FRS

See also: Heinz Otto Schild

Heinz Otto Schild (1906–1984)[19] held the Stool of Pharmacology from 1961 to 1973.

He was born in Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia), in 1908, when stop off was part of the Austro-Hungarian reign. He qualified in medicine in Metropolis and then worked with Straub, dignity leading German pharmacologist of the pause. By good fortune, Schild had antique accepted as a visiting worker fail to notice Sir Henry Dale and was observe England when the National Socialists came to power in Germany. He unequivocal to stay in Britain and became an assistant in the Department bring into play Pharmacology in Edinburgh, then headed manage without A.J. Clark. When J. H. Gaddum was appointed to the chair as a consequence UCL, he invited Schild to wed him as a Demonstrator. So began his long association with UCL, out of kilter only by his bizarre internment admission the Isle of Man as implicate ‘enemy alien’ at the outbreak be more or less the Second World War. Following consummate release (greatly aided by F.R Winton's and Sir Henry Dale's appeals adjoin the Home Office) he returned near his work in the department, corroboration based in Leatherhead, and in 1961 became Winton's successor as Head behove Department and Professor of Pharmacology.

Schild made major contributions to receptor medicine, to the understanding of the machine of histamine release and to bio-assay. Like Gaddum and Clark, he tatty quantitative approaches whenever possible. His term is immortalised by the Schild equation.[3] He built on the work fail Clark and Gaddum on competitive antipathy, by realising that the null road was key to extraction of earthly equilibrium constants from simple functional experiments. Rather than looking at the liberate by antagonist of the response friend a fixed agonist concentration, he cool the dose-ratio, the factor by which the agonist concentration had to put in writing increased in order to restore on the rocks given response in the presence sun-up the antagonist. By measuring the dose-ratio as a function of antagonist, strike was possible to estimate the gap equilibrium constant for the combination near the antagonist with its receptor.[3] Crucially the estimate is not dependent standup fight the nature of the agonist. Even though Schild's derivation used the simplest feasible model, it was subsequently shown digress his equation is valid under unnecessary more general conditions.[20]

A.J. Clark's textbook was continued by Schild as Clark's Optimistic Pharmacology by Wilson & Schild.[21]

Heinz Schild was a generous and kindly Mind of department. He appointed the bag female member of academic staff, Dr M. Maureen Dale, a co-author ransack Rang & Dales Pharmacology.[14] He oversaw the planning and introduction of on the rocks three-year B.Sc. course in Pharmacology which began in 1967 and continues contact this day. Medical students were edge to enter its final year meticulous Schild, who never lost sight second the roots of the subject cut down medicine, was delighted that many took this opportunity.

J.W.Black FRS

Sir James Whyte BlackOM FRS FRSE FRCP (1924–2010) held the Chair clean and tidy Pharmacology from 1973 to 1978.

Jim Black and Heinz Schild knew dressingdown other well because Schild had interest as a consultant to the grow Smith, Kline & French company by the time when Black was outdo the team that developed the histamine receptor antagonists,[22]H2 antagonists, which reduce discharge of gastric acid and which, mimic the time, transformed the treatment suggest gastric ulcers. Schild's methods for quantifiable methods for analysis of drug antagonists[3][20] were crucial for this work.

Black introduced many changes to teaching run to ground the department. One of the almost important was the introduction of dexterous BSc course in Medicinal Chemistry. Fillet long experience in the pharmaceutical elbow grease had convinced him that organic unacceptable physical chemists working on drug system with pharmacologists and biochemists would support greatly from a substantial knowledge prime biology, certainly enough to allow them to understand and assess the kinds of measurements that their biological colleagues undertook. Though the students were household in the Department of Chemistry, they took also courses in physiology roost pharmacology, particularly its molecular aspects. That BSc course, like that in Medicine, also flourished and continues today. Alternate important change was a sharp turn cold in the number of experiments exhausted animal tissues undertaken by medical group of pupils during their course in pharmacology. Discuss the same time, the emphasis look over the importance of observations on soul in person bodily subjects was increased.

Black's appointment coincided with the onset of the beholden circumstances that all UK universities were to experience and that have prolonged in one form or another inevitably since. The changes he made helped the department to adjust to these harder times. To the regret footnote his Departmental staff, Black found walk only the pharmaceutical industry could furnish the facilities needed for the outmoded he wished to pursue, and invite 1978 he left to join goodness Wellcome Foundation.

Black was knighted get 1981 and in 1988 he got the Nobel Prize in Physiology allude to Medicine along with Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings for their work on drug development.

H.P.Rang FRS

Humphrey Rang (born 1936) held the Seat of Pharmacology from 1979 to 1983.

Rang qualified in medicine at UCL and had worked in H.O.Schild's workplace while a medical student. He was the author of the first gain recognition ligand-binding experiment of the modern era.[23] This was based on his PhD work in Oxford, under William D.M. Paton. Rang had previously been greatness Professor of Pharmacology at Southampton bear at St. George's Hospital Medical High school. He brought with him David Colquhoun who was also returning to probity department, having been appointed in 1964 as an assistant lecturer by H.O. Schild. These appointments greatly strengthened magnanimity interests and achievements of the tributary in fundamental aspects of pharmacology, even more the study of ion channels put up with receptors.

In collaboration with M. Maureen Dale (also appointed during Schild's Headship), Rang prepared the first edition fine Pharmacology,[14] the successor to Wilson & Schild's Applied Pharmacology.

In 1983 Rang was offered and accepted the Direction of the Sandoz Institute of Alexipharmic Research, a division of Sandoz, grow an independent pharmaceutical company. The newfound Institute was located in UCL with the addition of developed a close relationship with rendering department, both in teaching, to which members of the Institute contributed, dominant in research.

After 1983

The heads confront department since 1983.

  • Donald H. Jenkinson (1983 - 1987)

  • David A. Brown (1987 - 2002) (Astor Chair of pharmacology)

  • Trevor Frizzy. Smart (2002 - 2021) (Schild Throne axis of pharmacology)

After Rang's resignation, the Stool of Pharmacology became vacant. The Tendency of department from 1983 to 1987 was Donald.H Jenkinson He had pull off his PhD under Bernard Katz. tear UCL's famous Department of Biophysics, contemporary was yet another member of standard who had been invited to touch the Department by Heinz Schild. About his tenure the Middlesex Hospital Scrutiny School was merged with UCL's, containing the two Departments of Pharmacology.

During the 1980s the traditional role fall foul of Heads of department was replaced fail to notice rotating headships that were no thirster associated necessarily with an established rockingchair. Established chairs were, de facto, date as part of the move come to an end corporatise universities.

David Colquhoun FRS was appointed to the established chair problem 1985. It was subsequently dubbed description A.J. Clark chair, in honour perfect example Clark's role in the establishment invoke quantitative pharmacology. His work, with actuary Alan Hawkes and Bert Sakmann (Nobel prize 1991) established the department translation the world leader in the intention and experiment of single ion interconnections. After retiring from the A.J.Clark easy chair in 2004, he worked on dignity misinterpretation of p values and secure contribution to the irreproducibility that has come to light in some areas of science.[24][25][26]

D. A. Brown FRS (1936 - 2023) was appointed in 1987 as head of department (he locked away previously held the same position miniature the School of Pharmacy). In 1987, the merger with the Middlesex Dispensary Medical School was completed and Painter Brown inherited the title Astor Stall of Pharmacology from Professor F Hobbiger who had held that title squabble the Middlesex.

Brown's appointment was free initially to be the start regard a 5-year rotating headship, but as Colquhoun's turn became due, he pronounced that the job of Head carp department would not allow enough as to to do the algebra and announcement development with which he was join in. Donald Jenkinson likewise declined to outlook another turn. Luckily David Brown in agreement to continue and he remained Belief of department until 2002. His occupancy saw a second merger, this hold your fire with the Department of Pharmacology disapproval the Royal Free Medical School, constrained by Professor Annette Dolphin, FRS. King Brown is renowned for his betrayal of the acetylcholine (muscarinic)-sensitive potassium hard (M channel).

The Wellcome Lab progress to Molecular Pharmacology The growing importance pay no attention to molecular biology led Brown & Colquhoun to apply to the Wellcome Assurance in 1990. They funded the capital of the Lab for Molecular Medicine which Colquhoun directed until his exit in 2004.

Trevor G. Smart[27] became Head of department in 2002, criticism the title of Schild Chair take off Pharmacology. He also works in honourableness ion channel field. After the check out of the department in 2007. Trim became head of the new Enquiry Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology.[28]

Stephanie Schorge.[29] In 2021, Professor Schorge succeeded Trevor Smart as head of grandeur Research Department of Neuroscience, Physiology become peaceful Pharmacology. She is the first somebody head of pharmacology since 1905.

Stuart Cull-Candy FRS. Stuart G. Cull-Candy expression on glutamate-activated ion channels. He married the Department from UCL's Department fanatic Biophysics and holds the Gaddum Throne of Pharmacology.

Lucia Sivilotti was suitable to the A.J. Clark chair slice 2014. She has run the UCL Single Ion Channel group after Colquhoun's retirement in 2004. She continued prep added to greatly extended the work in dignity field of single channel kinetics. She owns the web site OneMol [1] where the group's analysis programs mushroom publications can be downloaded. The concern of the A.J. Clark chair disagree with quantitative work on receptors has non-standard thusly continued to the present day.

The first of the nationwide Research Appraise Exercises took place in 1986. Nobility UCL Department headed the list. Kick up a fuss continued to be rated as picture top Department of Pharmacology in the whole number of the four research assessments range followed in 1989, 1992, 1996 gleam 2002. But this performance was snivel enough to save the department.

The end of the Department of Pharmacology

In 2004, Malcolm Grant became provost be expeditious for UCL. He commissioned external reports favour the reorganisation of the college. Picture distinguished vice-president of the University take Manchester, Richard Alan North FRS, was asked to assess several options suggest the reorganisation of the Faculty fall for Life Sciences. One was to compose large Research Departments, including one commandeer Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, from description existing academic Departments. Professor North's single comment on the options was range the proposed "research departments in Sure Sciences were too big". Grant nose-dive the conclusions except for the stuff about the size of departments.

On 24 May 2007 Grant persuaded significance Academic Board to authorise him nip in the bud act on its behalf[30] and pay attention to 13 June 2007 the Department handle Pharmacology was disestablished, after a 100 of distinction and innovation.

The canonical staff at the time had leash main concerns about the proposals. (a) The separation of teaching from exploration is bad, especially for teaching: significance fact that a degree is offered in, for example, Pharmacology without on the rocks Pharmacology department to support it, system that there is no guarantee think it over there will be staff qualified stretch fully motivated to teach it. To boot excessively, the collegiality that comes from foxy and providing a first-rate degree route is lost. (b) The size firm the merged department of Neurosciences, Physiology and Pharmacology means less interaction mid staff, and less collegiate spirit. (c) The changes created two extra levels of administration, so that now quint levels existed between academics and justness provost.

Staff were told at greatness time that the new organisation would be rolled out to other Comprehension across UCL, though this has put together happened. David Colquhoun has kept neat as a pin personal diary of the process surround his blog: In Memoriam Department flash Pharmacology, UCL 1905 – 2007.[31] Letters the positive side, UCL's current judge, Michael Arthur, has put much prominence on the quality of teaching, service maintaining its connections with research.

As of 2019, UCL still offers medicine degrees, though within the now unified Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology department.

A history of the combined department appears on UCL's web site.[32]

References

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  2. ^Gaddum, J.H.T (1962). "The Pharmacologists of Edinburgh". Annual Review of Pharmacology. 2: 1–11. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.02.040162.000245.
  3. ^ abcdefgColquhoun, D. (2006). "The quantitative appreciation of drug-receptor interactions: a short history"(PDF). Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 27 (3): 149–157. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2006.01.008. PMID 16483674.
  4. ^Cushny, A.R.; Peebles, A.R. (1905). "The action of optical isomers II. Hyoscines". Journal of Physiology. 32 (5–6): 501–510. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1905.sp001097. PMC 1465734. PMID 16992790.
  5. ^Student (1908). "The probable error of a mean"(PDF). Biometrika. 6: 1–25. doi:10.1093/biomet/6.1.1. hdl:10338.dmlcz/143545.
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  7. ^Colquhoun, David (1971). Lectures on Biostatistics(PDF). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. Chapter 9, Fto 9.2.1. ISBN .
  8. ^Colquhoun, David (6 October 2015). "The perils of p values". Chalkdust Magazine. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  9. ^Verney, E.B.; Barcroft, J. (1941). "Alfred Joseph Clark". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of depiction Royal Society. 3 (10): 969–984. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0045. S2CID 161156481. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  10. ^Clark, A.J. (1926). "The reaction between acetyl choline and muscle cells". Journal of Physiology. 61 (4): 530–546. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1926.sp002314. PMC 1514867. PMID 16993813.
  11. ^Clark, A.J. (1926). "The antagonism of acyl choline by atropine". Journal of Physiology. 61 (4): 547–546. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1926.sp002315. PMC 1514864. PMID 16993814.
  12. ^Clark, A.J. (1933). The Mode of Come to mind of Drugs on Cells (1 ed.). City, MD: Williams and Wilkins Company. pp. vii + 298.
  13. ^Clark, A.J. (1923). Applied Pharmacology (1 ed.). Philadelphia: P, Blakiston's & child, Co. p. 390.
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  15. ^de Burgh Daly, I.; Pickford, Renown. Mary (1941). "Ernest Basil Verney". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Regal Society. 3 (10): 969–984. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0045. S2CID 161156481. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  16. ^D.R.M. (1985). "Obituary of Frank R. Winton". British File of Pharmacology. 86 (3): 527–528. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1985.tb08926.x. PMC 1916739.
  17. ^Birman, Wendy. "Lockett, Mary Fauriel (Mary) (1911–1982)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian Steady University. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  18. ^Lippold, O.J.C.; Winton, F.R. (1968). Human Physiology (6th ed.). London: J. & A. Churchill. p. 800. ISBN .
  19. ^Black, J.W. (1994). "Heinz Otto Schild. 18 May 1906-15 June 1984". Biographical Memoirs of Associates of the Royal Society. 39: 382–415. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1994.0022. JSTOR 770187. PMID 11639906.
  20. ^ abColquhoun, David (2007). "Why the Schild method is short holiday than Schild realised"(PDF). Trends in Medicine Sciences. 28 (12): 608–614. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.09.011. PMID 18023486.
  21. ^Wilson, A.; Schild, H.O. (1955). Clark's Managing Pharmacology (8th ed.). London: Churchill & Co.
  22. ^"H2-receptor antagonists". British National Formulary. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  23. ^Paton, W.D.M.; Rang, H.P. (1965). "The Uptake of Atropine and Associated Drugs by Intestinal Smooth Muscle staff the Guinea-Pig in Relation to Acetylcholine Receptors". Proceedings of the Royal Nation B. 163 (990): 1–44. Bibcode:1965RSPSB.163....1P. doi:10.1098/rspb.1965.0058. PMID 14338492. S2CID 36205385.
  24. ^Colquhoun, David (2017). "The duplicability of research and the misinterpretation some p-values". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (12): 171085. doi:10.1098/rsos.171085. PMC 5750014. PMID 29308247.
  25. ^Colquhoun, King (2019). "The False Positive Risk: First-class Proposal Concerning What to Do Dig up p-Values". The American Statistician. 73 (sup1: Statistical Inference in the 21st Century: A World Beyond p < 0.05): 192–201. arXiv:1802.04888. doi:10.1080/00031305.2018.1529622. S2CID 85530643.
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  29. ^Google scholar. "Stephanie Schorge". Retrieved 18 March 2021.
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  31. ^Colquhoun, David (25 July 2007). "In Memoriam Department of Pharmacology, UCL 1905 – 2007". Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  32. ^"History corporeal Research Department of Neuroscience, Physiology roost Pharmacology". University College London. Retrieved 31 August 2024.