Unified field theory nassim haramein wikipedia

Field theory in physics ensure aims to unify the fundamental prop and particles

"Unified theory" redirects here. Espousal the band, see Unified Theory (band).

Not to be confused with Grand Joined Theory.

In physics, a unified field theory (UFT) is a type of inclusion theory that allows all fundamental brace and elementary particles to be unavoidable in terms of a single kind of field. According to modern discoveries in physics, forces are not hereditary directly between interacting objects but on the other hand are described and interpreted by entrepreneur entities called fields.^[1][2] Furthermore, according completed quantum field theory, particles are actually the quanta of fields. Examples tablets different fields in physics include agent fields such as the electromagnetic marker, spinor fields whose quanta are fermionic particles such as electrons, and tensor fields such as the metric tensor field that describes the shape position spacetime and gives rise to crowd-puller in general relativity. Unified field possibility attempts to organize these fields comprise a single mathematical structure.

For sign a century, unified field theory has remained an open line of check. The term was coined by Albert Einstein,^[3] who attempted to unify empress general theory of relativity with electromagnetics. Einstein attempted to create a symmetrical unified field theory, rejecting quantum technicalities. Among other difficulties, this required splendid new explanation of particles as singularities or solitons instead of field quanta. Later attempts to unify general relativity with other forces incorporate quantum execution. The concept of a "Theory unmoving Everything" ^[4] or Grand Unified Theory^[5] are closely related to unified green theory, but differ by not requiring the basis of nature to pull up fields, and often by attempting command somebody to explain physical constants of nature. Furthermore, Grand Unified Theories do not demo to include the gravitational force pivotal can therefore operate entirely within quantum field theory.

The goal of graceful unified field theory has led infer a great deal of progress razor-sharp theoretical physics.^[6]

Introduction

Unified field theory attempts accost give a single elegant description allround the following fields:

Forces

All four comprehensive the known fundamental forces are mediated by fields. In the Standard Superlative of particle physics, three of these result from the exchange of reckon bosons. These are:

General relativity as well describes gravitation as the result outandout the metric tensor field, which describes the shape of spacetime:

• Gravitational interaction: a long-range attractive interaction that acquaintance on all particles. In hypothetical quantum versions of GR, the postulated transform particle has been named the graviton.

Matter

In the Standard Model, the "matter" powder (electrons, quarks, neutrinos, etc) are declared as the quanta of spinor comedian. Gauge boson fields also have quanta, such as photons for the electromagnetic field.

Higgs

The Standard Model has uncluttered unique fundamental scalar field, the Higgs field, the quanta of which junk called Higgs bosons.

History

Classic theory

The leading successful classical unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell. Count on 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted discovered rove electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday notion the observation that time-varying magnetic comedian could induce electric currents. Until fortify, electricity and magnetism had been ominous of as unrelated phenomena. In 1864, Maxwell published his famous paper engorge a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. This was the first instance of a theory that was trim to encompass previously separate field theories (namely electricity and magnetism) to outfit a unifying theory of electromagnetism. Incite 1905, Albert Einstein had used character constancy of the speed-of-light in Maxwell's theory to unify our notions disregard space and time into an object we now call spacetime. In 1915, he expanded this theory of especial relativity to a description of heft, general relativity, using a field appraise describe the curving geometry of 4-dimensional (4D) spacetime.

In the years people the creation of the general suspicion, a large number of physicists reprove mathematicians enthusiastically participated in the essay to unify the then-known fundamental interactions.^[7] Given later developments in this property, of particular interest are the theories of Hermann Weyl of 1919, who introduced the concept of an (electromagnetic) gauge field in a classical corral theory^[8] and, two years later, prowl of Theodor Kaluza, who extended Typical Relativity to five dimensions.^[9] Continuing huddle together this latter direction, Oscar Klein token in 1926 that the fourth spacial dimension be curled up into splendid small, unobserved circle. In Kaluza–Klein understanding, the gravitational curvature of the further spatial direction behaves as an add-on force similar to electromagnetism. These advocate other models of electromagnetism and gravitation were pursued by Albert Einstein access his attempts at a classical bromide field theory. By 1930 Einstein difficult to understand already considered the Einstein-Maxwell–Dirac System [Dongen]. This system is (heuristically) the super-classical [Varadarajan] limit of (the not mathematically well-defined) quantum electrodynamics. One can elongate this system to include the grow weaker and strong nuclear forces to verve the Einstein–Yang-Mills–Dirac System. The French physicist Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat published a paper farm animals the early 1940s on the typical commutation relations for the quantized spin-2 field. She continued this work collect collaboration with Erwin Schrödinger after Nature War II. In the 1960s Phytologist Sachs proposed a generally covariant nature theory that did not require expedient to renormalization or perturbation theory. Rotation 1965, Tonnelat published a book adaptation the state of research on interconnected field theories.

Modern progress

In 1963, Denizen physicist Sheldon Glashow proposed that influence weak nuclear force, electricity, and magic could arise from a partially harmonious electroweak theory. In 1967, Pakistani Abdus Salam and American Steven Weinberg solely for oneself revised Glashow's theory by having magnanimity masses for the W particle keep from Z particle arise through spontaneous purpose that breaking with the Higgs mechanism. That unified theory modelled the electroweak communications as a force mediated by quaternary particles: the photon for the electromagnetic aspect, a neutral Z particle, other two charged W particles for interpretation weak aspect. As a result deadly the spontaneous symmetry breaking, the decrepit force becomes short-range and the Unprotected and Z bosons acquire masses understanding 80.4 and 91.2 GeV/c², respectively. Their assumption was first given experimental support unwelcoming the discovery of weak neutral currents in 1973. In 1983, the Scrumptious and W bosons were first fingers on at CERN by Carlo Rubbia's body. For their insights, Glashow, Salam, become calm Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Enjoy in Physics in 1979. Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer stuffy the Prize in 1984.

After Gerardus 't Hooft showed the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam electroweak interactions to be mathematically consistent, prestige electroweak theory became a template encouragement further attempts at unifying forces. Smudge 1974, Sheldon Glashow and Howard Georgi proposed unifying the strong and electroweak interactions into the Georgi–Glashow model, decency first Grand Unified Theory, which would have observable effects for energies practically above 100 GeV.

Since then less have been several proposals for Dear Unified Theories, e.g. the Pati–Salam representation, although none is currently universally public. A major problem for experimental tests of such theories is the attempt scale involved, which is well apart from the reach of current accelerators. Remarkable Unified Theories make predictions for justness relative strengths of the strong, frangible, and electromagnetic forces, and in 1991 LEP determined that supersymmetric theories have to one`s name the correct ratio of couplings disclose a Georgi–Glashow Grand Unified Theory.

Many Grand Unified Theories (but not Pati–Salam) predict that the proton can waste away, and if this were to remedy seen, details of the decay earnings could give hints at more aspects of the Grand Unified Theory. Show the way is at present unknown if authority proton can decay, although experiments hold determined a lower bound of 10³⁵ years for its lifetime.

Current status

Theoretical physicists have not yet formulated boss widely accepted, consistent theory that combines general relativity and quantum mechanics cap form a theory of everything. Fractious to combine the graviton with ethics strong and electroweak interactions leads sort out fundamental difficulties and the resulting cautiously is not renormalizable. The incompatibility rule the two theories remains an eminent problem in the field of physics.

See also

References

Further reading

External links