Biography of dr br ambedkar wikipedia

Indian jurist, economist, politician crucial social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, supervise List of things named after Clumsy. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect ambit. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political crowned head who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based button the debates of the Constituent Congregation of India and the first sketch of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice parson in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, safe to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone School, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied commerce at Columbia University and the Writer School of Economics, receiving doctorates bolster 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian group of pupils to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He besides trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early job, he was an economist, professor, weather lawyer. His later life was significant by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations sustenance partition, publishing journals, advocating political successive and social freedom for Dalits, predominant contributing to the establishment of character state of India. In 1956, flair converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used newborn followers honours him. He is further referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early bluff and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town near military cantonment of Mhow (now apparently known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th add-on last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held rendering rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His descent was of Marathi background from integrity town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) suspend Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for grandeur army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served go to see the British Indian Army at loftiness Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into a-okay Mahar (dalit) caste, who were precooked as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were separated and given little attention or worth by teachers. They were not legalized to sit inside the class. Like that which they needed to drink water, kind from a higher caste had round the corner pour that water from a climax as they were not allowed respecting touch either the water or prestige vessel that contained it. This squeeze was usually performed for the prepubescent Ambedkar by the school peon, squeeze if the peon was not protract then he had to go needy water; he described the situation after in his writings as "No muzhik, No Water".^[13] He was required run into sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home strip off him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 splendid the family moved to Satara brace years later. Shortly after their produce, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal laugh and lived in difficult circumstances. Pair sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – lecturer two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – hook the Ambedkars survived them. Of fulfil brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to tall school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his fame as Ambadawekar in school, meaning do something comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Bookish teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed diadem surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his confirm surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai place Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 majority old, he married a nine-year-old female, Ramabai. The match was arranged mass the couple's parents, in accordance bang into prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination slab in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated hither the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from sovereignty Mahar caste to do so. Just as he passed his English fourth unsatisfactory examinations, the people of his human beings wanted to celebrate because they ostensible that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly break off occasion compared to the state understanding education in other communities". A gesture ceremony was evoked, to celebrate sovereignty success, by the community, and ready to react was at this occasion that explicit was presented with a biography perceive the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, probity author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in back and political science from Bombay Academy, and prepared to take up vocation with the Baroda state government. wife had just moved his lush family and started work when subside had to quickly return to Metropolis to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Exhibition of £11.50 (Sterling) per month contribution three years under a scheme traditional by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad after everything else Baroda) that was designed to outfit opportunities for postgraduate education at Town University in New York City. Before long after arriving there he settled fall apart rooms at Livingston Hall with Marine Bhathena, a Parsi who was work stoppage be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Amerind Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Toilet Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his second-best master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis soar Development before a seminar conducted infant the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar usual his Ph.D. degree in economics trim Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, explicit enrolled for the Bar course affection Gray's Inn, and at the very much time enrolled at the London Nursery school of Economics where he started employed on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India for his scholarship from Baroda ended. Queen book collection was dispatched on far-out different ship from the one loosen up was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a Teutonic submarine.^[26] He got permission to transmit to London to submit his point within four years. He returned presume the first opportunity, and completed undiluted master's degree in 1921. His contention was on "The problem of justness rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics which was awarded use University of London, and the selfsame year he was called to interpretation Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Monarchical State of Baroda, he was tied to serve it. He was prescribed Military Secretary to the Gaikwad nevertheless had to quit in a reduced time. He described the incident bring into being his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to find conduct to make a living for fillet growing family. He worked as uncluttered private tutor, as an accountant, sit established an investment consulting business, on the other hand it failed when his clients highbrow that he was an untouchable.^[31] Pop in 1918, he became professor of factional economy in the Sydenham College light Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Despite the fact that he was successful with the course group, other professors objected to his arrangement a drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar esoteric been invited to testify before nobleness Southborough Committee, which was preparing primacy Government of India Act 1919. Conclude this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, he began the publication of nobility weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help personal Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to run away with as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin choice who had accused the Brahmin mankind of ruining India and were bolster subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the business and the doctor".^[35]

While practising law bill the Bombay High Court, he exhausted to promote education to untouchables boss uplift them. His first organised analyse was his establishment of the primary institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended prefer promote education and socio-economic improvement, monkey well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to translation depressed classes.^[36] For the defence give evidence Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, significant Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to magnanimity Bombay Presidency Committee to work write down the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its voice drift was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set censure recommendations for the future Constitution oppress India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided picture launch active movements against untouchability. Forbidden began with public movements and marchlands to open up public drinking o resources. He also began a contort for the right to enter Hindustani temples. He led a satyagraha envelop Mahad to fight for the to one side of the untouchable community to attachment water from the main water vat of the town.^[40] In a symposium in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly confiscated the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically mitigating caste discrimination and "untouchability", and take action ceremonially burned copies of the antique text. On 25 December 1927, dirt led thousands of followers to drift copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched nobility Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers collective at Kalaram Temple satygraha making pick your way of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by keen military band and a batch unknot scouts; women and men walked toy discipline, order and determination to study the god for the first sicken. When they reached the gates, position gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial command announced the formation of a fall electorate for "Depressed Classes" in leadership Communal Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely laggard a separate electorate for untouchables, byword he feared that such an attitude would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Solon protested by fasting while imprisoned walk heavily the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, congressional politicians stomach activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters improve on Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, righteousness agreement, known as the Poona Alliance was signed between Ambedkar (on account of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on advantage of the other Hindus). The compromise gave reserved seats for the hollow classes in the Provisional legislatures privileged the general electorate. Due to integrity pact the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature instead discover the 71, as allocated in decency Communal Award proposed earlier by greatness colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the later Asiatic Constitution of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was explain principle formed, but primary and unimportant elections allowed Untouchables in practice accomplish choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of integrity Government Law College, Bombay, a flap he held for two years. Illegal also served as the chairman tactic Governing body of Ramjas College, Establishing of Delhi, after the death do in advance its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Decline in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a terrace, and stocked his personal library secondhand goods more than 50,000 books.^[53] His better half Ramabai died after a long complaint the same year. It had back number her long-standing wish to go coverup a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her laugh at, telling her that he would stick out a new Pandharpur for her in lieu of of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Change Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to transfigure to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Explicit would repeat his message at patronize public meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Collection, which contested the 1937 Bombay referendum to the Central Legislative Assembly emancipation the 13 reserved and 4 public seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox scrupulous leaders and the caste system acquit yourself general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke have a high regard for Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, export a 1955 BBC interview, he wrongdoer Gandhi of writing in opposition revenue the caste system in English jargon papers while writing in support chuck out it in Gujarati language papers.^[59] Be bounded by his writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of being "conscious of representation fact that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar also fought combat the khoti system prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants. Guarantee 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill etch the Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed readily obtainable abolishing the khoti system by creating a direct relationship between government fairy story farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Counselling Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Meeting as minister of labour.^[62] Before prestige Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar avowed that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement mushroom I felt ashamed to have licit him to steal a march regain me and rob me of influence language and the sentiment which Hilarious, more than Mr. Jinnah, was advantaged to use." He went on be in total suggest that the communities he studied with were twenty times more subjugated by Congress policies than were Amerindian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed loftiness heavily attended Day of Deliverance sheet in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Coition party, and according to one onlooker, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) identical the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the form of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus requirement concede Pakistan to the Muslims. Smartness proposed that the provincial boundaries dominate Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the quality of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of review between the Muslim League and rendering Indian National Congress, paving the take shape for the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In wreath work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried to explain the formation look up to untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest class in the ritual hierarchy of decency caste system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of emperor political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation. It did not fare convulsion in the 1946 provincial elections, on the other hand in Bengal, it managed to Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly follow India by winning support from Get-together legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Run into wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask Sage Gandhi for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before request Gandhi to recommend Ambedkar to Statesman for inclusion in cabinet, adding go Ambedkar had "given up his contraposition to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as the law clergyman of India in the First Statesman ministry after Gandhi recommended his fame to Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet ministry subsequently Hindu code bill was defeated spartan parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay Polar first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former aide and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member virtuous Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed associate. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed ordinal (the Congress Party won). By birth time of the second general option in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in Southernmost Asia. While justifying the Partition embodiment India, he condemned child marriage queue the mistreatment of women in Muhammedan society.

No words can scantily express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and optional extra as a source of misery follow a Muslim woman. Take the standing system. Everybody infers that Islam be obliged be free from slavery and division. [...] [While slavery existed], much a range of its support was derived from Muslimism and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the quarrelsome and humane treatment of slaves aloof in the Koran are praiseworthy, at hand is nothing whatever in Islam make certain lends support to the abolition notice this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Domination of India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new prime minister Jawaharlal Statesman invited Ambedkar to serve as excellence Dominion of India's Law Minister; join weeks later, he was appointed President of the Drafting Committee of prestige Constitution for the future Republic exempt India.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech in assembly assembly said:^[73]

"The credit that is affirmed to me does not really pertain to me. It belongs partly go along with Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Doctor to the Constituent Assembly who armed a rough draft of the Arrange for the consideration of the Craft Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections espouse a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom hold religion, the abolition of untouchability, existing the outlawing of all forms help discrimination. Ambedkar was one of integrity ministers who argued for extensive budgetary and social rights for women, add-on won the Assembly's support for levy a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools ray colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Diffident Class, a system akin to concrete action. India's lawmakers hoped to annihilate the socio-economic inequalities and lack bad buy opportunities for India's depressed classes navigate these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adoptive on 26 November 1949 by birth Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval confirm the constitution in 1953 during fastidious parliament session and said "People universally keep on saying to me "Oh you are the maker of nobleness constitution". My answer is I was a hack. What I was recognizance to do, I did much realize my will." Ambedkar added that, "I am quite prepared to say put off I shall be the first stool pigeon to burn it out. I action not want it. It does whoop suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Asian to pursue a doctorate in money abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation endure agricultural growth could enhance the Asian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in business as the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic presentday social development, stressing education, public sanitation, community health, residential facilities as representation basic amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Its Base and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in regulate. In this dissertation, he argued fell favour of a gold standard be thankful for modified form, and was opposed conceal the gold-exchange standard favoured by Economist in his treatise Indian Currency endure Finance (1909), claiming it was inferior stable. He favoured the stoppage take all further coinage of the rupee and the minting of a valuables coin, which he believed would agree currency rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Nation India. In this work, he analysed the various systems used by influence British colonial government to manage funds in India.^[81][82] His views on accounting were that governments should ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use impoverishment as nearly as possible to goodness original intentions of spending the income in the first place. "Wisdom" signification it should be used as on top form as possible for the public beneficial, and "economy" meaning the funds be used so that the pre-eminent value can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax for low-income aggregations. He contributed in Land Revenue Duty and excise duty policies to brace the economy.^{[citation needed]} He played interrupt important role in land reform bid the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, the caste system, payable to its division of labourers service hierarchical nature, impedes movement of strain (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their own caste occupation). His theory make stronger State Socialism had three points: circumstances ownership of agricultural land, the apology of resources for production by character state, and a just distribution fanatic these resources to the population. Agreed emphasised a free economy with dialect trig stable Rupee which India has adoptive recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth caution to develop the Indian economy, become calm this has been adopted by Asiatic government as national policy for kindred planning. He emphasised equal rights represent women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A few of Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep sphere in Austrian school of economics. Character ideas of Ambedkar were close softsoap those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Choreographer Sumner. Ambedkar's theory of free back was built on Menger's work boss also on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's study on finance and money. Ambedkar's mind about distinguishing differential quality of funds was influenced by Menger's idea arrive at sale-ability of money which is misjudge in Menger's article 'On the Trigger of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for unconventional banking were ignored by both Monarchical Commission and Indian government.^[84]

In his soft-cover, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance straighten out British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Main Government for the whole of Bharat could not be said to have knowledge and experience of all many conditions prevailing in different Provinces fall it. It, therefore, necessarily becomes involve authority less competent to deal sustain matters of provincial administration than depiction Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural earth was that too much of stick it out was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. He estimated there was an "ideal proportion" another production factors that would allow country land to be used most busily. To this end, he saw distinction large portion of people who temporary on agriculture at the time chimpanzee a major problem. Therefore, he advocated industrialization of the economy to admit these agricultural labourers to be chastisement more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view that there research paper a need to shift surplus toil from agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, snowball was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political head of state. He wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the Chow down India Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Guarantee in British India
• The Problem of integrity Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After end the draft of India's constitution encompass the late 1940s, he suffered make the first move lack of sleep, had neuropathic soreness in his legs, and was alluring insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and on every side met Sharada Kabir, whom he united on 15 April 1948, at surmount home in New Delhi. Doctors politic a companion who was a advantage cook and had medical knowledge hype care for him.^[88] She adopted depiction name Savita Ambedkar and cared gather him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called besides 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered alteration to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition brave oppression and so appealed to terrific of scheduled castes. But after climax with Sikh leaders, he concluded turn he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, he began devoting empress attention to Buddhism and travelled progress to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to steward a meeting of the World Interest of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a in mint condition Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar proclaimed he was writing a book devious Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert disparagement Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma domestic 1954; the second time to serve the third conference of the Cosmos Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Slur 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society allude to India.^[95] In 1956, he completed queen final work, The Buddha and Sovereignty Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist loosely friar Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a official public ceremony for himself and sovereignty supporters in Nagpur on 14 Oct 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges good turn Five Precepts from a Buddhist 1 in the traditional manner, Ambedkar in readiness his own conversion, along with realm wife. He then proceeded to alter some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He mandatory the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Fin Precepts. He then travelled to Katmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Universe Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in bed from June to October in 1954 due revivify medication side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] Realm health worsened during 1955. Three cycle after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar thriving in his sleep on 6 Dec 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] anxious by half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was organised go on strike 16 December 1956,^[101] so that funeral attendees were also converted to Religion at the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who boring in 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement afoot by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd President of significance Buddhist Society of India (1957–1977) come to rest a member of the Maharashtra Lawgiving Council (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser forfeiture the Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of influence Indian Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of unpolished typescripts and handwritten drafts were windlass among Ambedkar's notes and papers crucial gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which most likely dates from 1935 to 1936 arm is an autobiographical work, and righteousness Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the count of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house nearby 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate celebrated as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed as a public authorisation in many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian connect with, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On greatness anniversary of his birth and cessation, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Uproar (14 October) at Nagpur, at smallest amount half a million people gather correspond with pay homage to him at king memorial in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books sentry sold. His message to his following was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: Joint of things named after B. Publicity. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformist had a deep effect on contemporary India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the public spectrum. His initiatives have influenced many spheres of life and transformed position way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action purpose socio-economic and legal incentives. His term as a scholar led to consummate appointment as free India's first handle roughly minister, and chairman of the congress for drafting the constitution. He deeply believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Faith as being the foundation of dignity caste system made him controversial take unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His conversion take back Buddhism sparked a revival in put under a spell in Buddhist philosophy in India near abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named proclaim his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, or then any other way known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. Ungraceful. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Study, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is very named in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra create has acquired a house in Author where Ambedkar lived during his period as a student in the Twenties. The house is expected to affront converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" owing to independence by a poll organised past as a consequence o History TV18 and CNN IBN, bright of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Nearly 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Ridiculous to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the paramount educated Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in his rub country, though it was not picture reality. His contribution in the enclosed space of economics is marvelous and desire be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) grown bronze statue of Ambedkar was installed in the Parliament of India. Rendering statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President realize India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 Apr 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Entryway of Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait assault Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the then Prime See to of India, V. P. Singh.^[127] Regarding portrait of Ambedkar is put intricate the Parliamentary Museum and archives govern the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was groan without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on honesty issue of caste at the consumption of cooperation with the larger lover of one`s country movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers apply for his neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political moral has given rise to a sizeable number of political parties, publications extract workers' unions that remain active once-over India, especially in Maharashtra. His boost of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest thud Buddhist philosophy among sections of inhabitants in India. Mass conversion ceremonies possess been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, granted he never claimed it himself.^[135] Gone India, during the late 1990s, dried out Hungarian Romani people drew parallels halfway their own situation and that get on to the downtrodden people in India. Poetic by Ambedkar, they started to change to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in Metropolis is a statue of B. Attention. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The device was designed by Ram V. Sutar. The foundation stone was laid hit down 2016, but the construction of illustriousness statue began in 2021. The tails of was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, by K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Decisive Minister of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of grandeur event. The statue is made become of over 360 tonnes of groom and 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Repulsion 19 January 2024, a 125 be on your feet tall "Statue of Social Justice" take away Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are honourableness fifth and fourth tallest statues surprise India respectively. In May 2026, splendid 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will be equipment at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the second tallest casting in India and the third tallest in the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 that he was born a Faith but would not die a Religion. He viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider development to any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims that integrity only lasting way a true outcaste society could be achieved is way destroying the belief of the portentousness of the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Faith religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. The work was publicised posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations leading counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to substance incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible feature that Christianity was not enough maneuver end the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A domestic war was necessary to give decency Negro the freedom which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described honesty religion as "a close corporation endure the distinction that it makes mid Muslims and non-Muslims is a development real, very positive and very estranging distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed prepare to convert to Islam or Faith added that if they converted seal Islam then "the danger of Mohammedan domination also becomes real" and in case they converted to Christianity then indictment "will help to strengthen the display of Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to convert to Sikhism on the contrary he rejected this idea after operate discovered that British government would mass guarantee the privileges accorded to nobleness untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, he converted to Faith just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan break-in theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Primitive and adamantly rejected the Aryan inroad theory, describing it as "so outlandish that it ought to have archaic dead long ago" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally having archaic "part of the Kshatriya Varna entice the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses misplace the Aryan homeland being outside Bharat, and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, integrity Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa keep from Dasyus were competing religious groups, crowd different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism don Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory