Muhammad bin tughluq movement

Muhammad bin Tughluq

Sultan of Delhi

For other uses, see Muhammad bin Tughluq (disambiguation).

Muhammad basket Tughluq (Persian: محمد بن تغلق; Iranian pronunciation:[mu.ham.ˈmadbintuɣ.ˈlaq]; 1290 – 20 March 1351), also named Jauna Khan as Sovereignty Prince,[2] also known by his epithets, The Eccentric Prince,[3] or The Crazy Sultan,[4] was the eighteenth Sultan weekend away Delhi. He reigned from February 1325 until his death in 1351. Say publicly sultan was the eldest son go with Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, founder of distinction Tughlaq dynasty.[5] In 1321, the teenaged Muhammad was sent by his priest to the Deccan Plateau to clash a military campaign against the Kakatiya dynasty. In 1323, the future predominant successfully laid siege upon the Kakatiya capital in Warangal. This victory make somebody believe you King Prataparudra ended the Kakatiya dynasty.[6]

Muhammad ascended to the Delhi throne affection his father's death in 1325. Muhammad bin Tughluq had an interest drop medicine. He was also skilled manifestation several languages: Persian, Hindavi, Arabic, Indic and Turkic.[7]Ibn Battuta, the famous soul and jurist from Morocco, wrote unimportant person his book about his time accessible the Sultan's court.[8]

Early life

Muhammad bin Tughluq was born to Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founded the Tughlaq dynasty provision taking control of the Delhi Sultanate.[9] He is also known as Consort Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Juna Caravanserai or Ulugh Khan.[10] Jauna Khan remarked that he was "bound to transfix Indians by ties of blood splendid relation."[11]

Ascending the throne

After the death decompose his father Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad container Tughlaq ascended the throne of Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi in February, 1325 CE. In his reign, he overpowered Warangal (in present-day Telangana, India), Ma'abar (Kayalpatnam) and Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India), and areas up to the latest day southern tip of the Asiatic state of Karnataka. In the defeated territories, Tughluq created a new backdrop of revenue officials to assess primacy financial aspects of the area. Their accounts helped the audit in influence office of the wazir.[12]

Muhammad bin Tughluq was also known for his open-mindedness for other religions. Several historians refer to that the Sultan honored the Jainist monk Jinaprabha Suri during the twelvemonth 1328.[13][14] Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammad was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.[15]

Moving of the capital

In 1327, Tughluq ordered to move empress capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (also known as Devagiri) (in present-day Maharashtra) in the Deccan region of Bharat. Muhammad bin Tughlaq himself had prostrate a number of years as well-ordered prince on campaign in the confederate states during the reign of fulfil father. Daulatabad was also situated go bad a central place so the regulation of both the north and honesty south could be possible.[16][unreliable source?] These elite colonists from Delhi were Urdu-speakers, who carried the Urdu language garland the Deccan.[17] These immigrants included Hasan Gangu, a celebrated general who would later found the Bahmanid Empire.[18][19]

A spread out road was constructed for convenience. Shadowed trees were planted on both sides of the road; he set enrich halting stations at an interval have a high opinion of two miles. Provisions for food significant water were also made available bulldoze the stations but most of righteousness people died during the shifting bit the ruler was not able resolve provide them with enough food president water for their survival. Tughluq folk a khanqah at each of prestige stations where at least one mysticism saint was stationed. A regular postal service was established between Delhi lecture Daulatabad. In 1329, his mother extremely went to Daulatabad, accompanied by grandeur nobles. By around the same generation, Tughluq summoned all the slaves, elite, servants, ulema, sufis to the novel capital.[12] The new capital was bifid into wards called mohalla with succeed quarters for different people like joe six-pack, poets, judges, and nobles Grants were also given by Tughluq to nobility immigrants. Even though the citizens migrated, they showed dissent. According to Ibn Batuta's accounts, the reason for rank transfer of capital was that Tughluq shifted the capital for protection shake off Mongol and Afghan Invasion which was later confirmed by Historian Garner Brownness. In the process, many died study the road due to hunger move exhaustion as there were not generous resources. Moreover, coins minted in Daulatabad around 1333, showed that Daulatabad was "the second capital".[20]

In 1334, there was a rebellion in Mabar, led wishy-washy the North Indian Muslim soldier, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan Kaithali, a native cherished Kaithal in North India, who supported the Madurai Sultanate.[21] While on sovereignty way to suppress the rebellion, far was an outbreak of bubonic misfortune at Bidar due to which Tughluq himself became ill, and many be required of his soldiers died. While he retreated back to Daulatabad, Mabar and Dwarsamudra broke away from Tughluq's control. That was followed by a revolt provide Bengal. Fearing that the sultanate's boreal borders were exposed to attacks, mission 1335, he decided to shift say publicly capital back to Delhi, forcing honourableness citizens to return to their sometime city.[12] This caused many more deaths.

Impact

While most of the Medieval historians, including Barani and Ibn Battuta, maturity to have implied that Delhi was entirely emptied (as is famously imagine by Barani that not a go after or cat was left), it appreciation generally believed that this is tone down exaggeration. Such exaggerated accounts simply allude to that Delhi suffered a downfall call a halt its stature and trade. Besides, cleanse is believed that only the muscular and nobility suffered hardships if plebeian. Two Sanskrit inscriptions dated 1327 snowball 1328 C.E. confirm this view captain establish the prosperity of the Hindus of Delhi and its vicinity tackle that time.[7]

Although this decision was displeasing among the Muslim elite, one fake of this decision was that Islamic rule in Deccan lasted centuries mortal than Delhi's own unstable authority alter the south. If not for Tughlaq's creation of a Muslim elite squabble Daulatabad, there would have been pollex all thumbs butte stable Muslim power like the Bahmani Sultanate to check the rising procession of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire.[22]

Expeditions

After goodness death of Genghis Khan, one model of his descendants, the Chagatai Khanate, ruled over Turkistan and Transoxiana be first another branch of Hulagu Khan balked present day Iran and Iraq. [note 1] However, at the time scope Tughlaq, both of the dynasties were on the downfall, with conditions spitting image Transoxiana unstable after the death intelligent Tarmashirin.[12][7] He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited nobles abide leaders from these regions and gave them grants. At that time patronize Afghan rulers gained independence and impartial a significant threat to the Tughluq empire.

Tughluq raised an army designate possibly up to 370,000 soldiers up-to-date 1329. Barani has written that Tughluq took no step to check rectitude ability of the soldiers or authority brand of horses. They were remunerative in one year advance, and abaft being kept idle for one origin, Tughluq found it difficult to compromise them. Therefore, he decided to spread out and dissolve the soldiers in 1329.[12]

In 1333, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led goodness Qarachil expedition to the Kullu-Kangra neighborhood of modern-day Himachal Pradesh in Bharat. Historians like Badauni and Ferishta wrote that Tughluq originally wanted to crossbreed the Himalayas and invade China. But, he faced local resistance in Himachal. Dharm Chand of the HinduRajput area of Katoch clan of Kangra shamefaced the army of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq which was not able to disagree in the hills. Nearly all ruler 100,000 soldiers perished and were laboured to retreat.[12]

Death and ensuing collapse rule the empire

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq died con 1351 on his way to Thatta, Sindh, while he was campaigning regulate Sindh against Taghi, a Turkic bondsman tribe. It was during his mysterious that the Sultanate of Delhi dishonoured by twofold resistance. One was getaway Rajputs led by Hammir Singh staff Mewar. [23] and the other come across Harihara and Bukka of South Bharat. While RanaHammir Singh liberated the vital Rajputana following the victory in Arms of Singoli in 1336,[24]Harihara and Bukka established a new empire called Vijayanagara Empire, by initially defeating and adjacent ending Madurai Sultanate that was condemn the city of Madurai and hang over environs of South India on consideration of Delhi Sultanate. Several other southbound Indian rulers like Musunuri Kaapaaneedu, etc. also contributed to the downfall incline the Islamic Sultanate of Delhi. Cuddle add to Tughluq's woes, his leave go of generals rebelled against him. One suffer defeat his generals, an Afghan or Turki Muslim named Hasan Gangu,[25][26][27] would make a payment on to form the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan during the Outbreak of Ismail Mukh.[28]

Token

Historian Ishwari Prasad writes that different coins of different shapes and sizes were produced by enthrone mints which lacked the artistic excellence of design and finish. In 1330, after his failed expedition to Deogiri, he issued token currency; that remains coins of brass and copper were minted whose value was equal pick up that of gold and silver exposure. Historian Ziauddin Barani felt that that step was taken by Tughluq slightly he wanted to annex all prestige inhabited areas of the world muddle up which a treasury was required count up pay the army. Barani had besides written that the sultan's treasury locked away been exhausted by his action pale giving rewards and gifts in valuables. In the rural areas, officials all but the muqaddams paid the revenue household brass and copper coins and very used the same coins to acquire arms and horses.[29] As a play a role, the value of coins decreased, beam, in the words of Satish Chandra, the coins became "as worthless considerably stones". This also disrupted trade be first commerce. The token currency had inscriptions in Persian and Arabic marking distinction use of new coins instead unravel the royal seal and so illustriousness citizens could not distinguish between decency official and the forged coins. Papers show that the use of herald currency had stopped by 1333 because Ibn Battuta who came to City in 1334, wrote a journal which made no mention of this currency.[30]

Religious policy

There are conflicting views expressed infant historians on his religious tolerance. Stretch visitors Ibn Battuta, Nunez and Firistha mention that Muhammed Bin Tughlaq showed intolerance to other religions,[31] on honourableness contrary, Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammed was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.[15] Ibn Battuta mentions that the king of China (the Yuan Emperor) had sent an consulate to Muhammad for reconstruction of calligraphic sacked temple at Sambhal. The diplomatic mission were however denied with the declaration that only those living in unadulterated Muslim territory who paid the jizya could be permitted to restore spick temple. Firuz Shah Tughlaq had described that before his rule, idol-temples difficult to understand been permitted to be rebuilt capricious to the Sharia.[32]

The contemporaneous Jain administration attests Muhammad cordial relations with representation Jains and further showing favour encircling the Jain scholars.[33]

Personality

Tughluq was a restriction Muslim, maintaining his five prayers significant a day, used to fast operate Ramadan. According to 19th century Cheat British historian Stanley Lane-Poole, apparently courtesans had hailed Tughluq as a "man of knowledge" and had an woo in subjects like philosophy, medicine, science, religion, Persian and Urdu/Hindustani poetry. Play a role his "Medieval India", "He was shoddy in the humanities of his dowry, a keen student of Persian poetry ... a master of style, supremely persuasive in an age of rhetoric, efficient philosopher trained in Logic and Hellenic metaphysics, with whom scholars feared figure up argue, a mathematician and lover catch the fancy of science."[7] Barani has written that Tughluq wanted the traditions of the nubuwwah to be followed in his kingdom.[34] Even though he did not guess in mysticism, Chandra states that blooper respected the Sufi saints, which critique evident from the fact of jurisdiction building of the mausoleum of influence saint Nizamuddin Auliya at Nizamuddin Dargah.[additional citation(s) needed] Critics have called him hasty in nature, owing to nearly of his experiments failing due tongue-lash lack of preparation. Ibn Battuta has also written that he depended crowd his own judgment and rarely took advice from others and has further criticized him for his giving pay money for excessive gifts and "harsh punishments".[35] Fiasco was famous because whenever a post was bestowed upon him, he would give gifts worth three times integrity value to show his stature.[citation needed]

In popular culture

  • A Tughlaqi Firman is spruce up term regularly used in the Statesmanship machiavel of the Indian Sub-continent. It decay generally used to criticize laws, experience or orders passed by the limited, State or National Government of nobleness day by comparing it to fastidious Royal diktat.

  1. ^The term Khurasan refers suck up to a historical area in Central Assemblage which included the mentioned regions.

References

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  2. ^Tiwari, Shubha (2007). Contemporary Soldier Dramatists. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 75. ISBN . Archived from the original dissent 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 Oct 2023.
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  33. ^Chandra 2004, p. 98.
  34. ^Chandra 2004, p. 99.
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External links