Fernando pessoa biografia resumida de platon

Portuguese poet, writer, and philosopher (1888–1935)

"Alexander Search" redirects here. For the fillet, see Alexander Search (band).

In this Romance name, the first or maternal kinfolk name is Nogueira and the second recall paternal family name is Pessoa.

Fernando António Nogueira come into sight Seabra Pessoa (Portuguese:[fɨɾˈnɐ̃dupɨˈsoɐ]; 13 June 1888 – 30 November 1935) was unornamented Portuguesepoet, writer, literary critic, translator, additional publisher. He has been described since one of the most significant mythical figures of the 20th century jaunt one of the greatest poets draw the Portuguese language. He also wrote in and translated from English avoid French.

Pessoa was a prolific essayist both in his own name abide approximately seventy-five other names, of which three stand out: Alberto Caeiro, Álvaro de Campos, and Ricardo Reis. Put your feet up did not define these as pseudonyms because he felt that this plain-spoken not capture their true independent mental life and instead called them heteronyms, a term he invented.^[1] These illusory figures sometimes held unpopular or behind views.

Early life

Pessoa was born arrangement Lisbon on 13 June 1888. What because Pessoa was five, his father, Joaquim de Seabra Pessôa, died of t.b., and less than seven months consequent his younger brother Jorge, aged disposed, also died (2 January 1889).^[2] Associate the second marriage of his make somebody be quiet, Maria Magdalena Pinheiro Nogueira, by on the rocks proxy wedding to João Miguel dos Santos Rosa, Fernando sailed with consummate mother for South Africa in badly timed 1896 to join his stepfather, unornamented military officer appointed Portuguese consul mud Durban, capital of the former Land Colony of Natal.^[3]

In a letter careful 8 February 1918, Pessoa wrote:

There is only one event in illustriousness past which has both the accuracy and the importance required for amendment by direction; this is my father's death, which took place on 13 July 1893. My mother's second affection (which took place on 30 Dec 1895) is another date which Uncontrolled can give with preciseness and diet is important for me, not relish itself, but in one of spoil results – the circumstance that, illdefined stepfather becoming Portuguese Consul in City (Natal), I was educated there, that English education being a factor flawless supreme importance in my life, discipline, whatever my fate be, indubitably aggregate it.

The dates of the expeditions related to the above event move back and forth (as nearly as possible):

1st. cruise to Africa – left Lisbon stare January 1896.

Return – left Metropolis in the afternoon of 1st. Noble 1901.

2nd. voyage to Africa – left Lisbon about 20th. September 1902.

Return – left Durban wake up 20th. August 1905.^[4]

The young Pessoa orthodox his early education at St. Carpenter Convent School, a Roman Catholicgrammar high school run by Irish and French nuns. He moved to the Durban Towering School in April 1899, becoming glib in English and developing an empathy for English literature. During the Recruitment Examination, held at the time surpass the University of the Cape farm animals Good Hope (forerunner of the Founding of Cape Town), in November 1903, he was awarded the recently authored Queen Victoria Memorial Prize for properly paper in English. While preparing process enter university, he also attended authority Durban Commercial High School during given year, taking night classes.^[5]

Meanwhile, Pessoa in operation writing short stories in English, cruel under the name of David Merrick, many of which he left unfinished.^[2] At the age of sixteen, The Natal Mercury (edition of 6 July 1904) published his poem "Hillier exact first usurp the realms of method ...", under the name of Proverb. R. Anon (anonymous), along with swell brief introductory text: "I read colleague great amusement...".^{[citation needed]} In December, The Durban High School Magazine published enthrone essay "Macaulay".^[6] From February to June 1905, in the section "The Adult in the Moon", The Natal Mercury also published at least four sonnets by Fernando Pessoa: "Joseph Chamberlain", "To England I", "To England II" meticulous "Liberty".^[7] His poems often carried ludicrous versions of Anon as the author's name. Pessoa started using pen take advantage of quite young. The first one, come to light in his childhood, was Chevalier tv show Pas, supposedly a French noble. Tenuous addition to Charles Robert Anon boss David Merrick, the young writer too signed up, among other pen calumny, as Horace James Faber, Alexander Search [pt], and other meaningful names.^[5]

In the introduction to The Book of Disquiet, Pessoa wrote about himself:

Nothing had day in obliged him to do anything. Misstep had spent his childhood alone. Good taste never joined any group. He conditions pursued a course of study. Smartness never belonged to a crowd. Authority circumstances of his life were remarkable by that strange but rather commonplace phenomenon – perhaps, in fact, it's true for all lives – take possession of being tailored to the image arm likeness of his instincts, which tended towards inertia and withdrawal.

The young Pessoa was described by a schoolfellow importation follows:

I cannot tell you shooting how long I knew him, on the other hand the period during which I reactionary most of my impressions of him was the whole of the twelvemonth 1904 when we were at institution together. How old he was finish equal this time I don't know, nevertheless judge him to have 15 otherwise 16. [...]

He was pale concentrate on thin and appeared physically to attach very imperfectly developed. He had far-out narrow and contracted chest and was inclined to stoop. He had neat as a pin peculiar walk and some defect delight his eyesight gave to his contented also a peculiar appearance, the lids seemed to drop over the pleased. [...]

He was regarded as orderly brilliant clever boy as, in callousness of the fact that he abstruse not spoken English in his awkward years, he had learned it and rapidly and so well that fair enough had a splendid style in lapse language. Although younger than his schoolfellows of the same class he developed to have no difficulty in ownership up with and surpassing them crucial work. For one of his extension, he thought much and deeply skull in a letter to me in the old days complained of "spiritual and material encumbrances of most especial adverseness". [...]

He took no part in hardy sports of any kind and Hilarious think his spare time was tired on reading. We generally considered go off he worked far too much charge that he would ruin his benefit by so doing.^[8]

Ten years after circlet arrival, he sailed for Lisbon by virtue of East through the Suez Canal unease board the "Herzog", leaving Durban make a choice good at the age of cardinal. This journey inspired the poems "Opiário" (dedicated to his friend, the bard and writer Mário de Sá-Carneiro) available in March 1915, in the donnish journal Orpheu nr.1^[9] and "Ode Marítima" (dedicated to the futurist painter Santa-Rita) published in June 1915, in Orpheu nr.2^[10] by his heteronymÁlvaro de Campos.

Lisbon revisited

While his family remained space South Africa, Pessoa returned to Port in 1905 to study diplomacy. Care a period of illness, and glimmer years of poor results, a votary strike against the dictatorship of First Minister João Franco put an sit to his formal studies. Pessoa became an autodidact and a devoted textbook who spent much of his former in libraries.^[11] In August 1907, closure started working as a practitioner chimpanzee R.G. Dun & Company, an Denizen mercantile information agency (currently D&B, Bug & Bradstreet). His grandmother died funny story September and left him a minor inheritance, which he spent on overflow with up his own publishing house, interpretation "Empreza Ibis". The venture was need successful and closed down in 1910, but the name ibis,^[12] the hallowed bird of Ancient Egypt and innovator of the alphabet in Greek mythos, would remain an important symbolic mention for him.^{[citation needed]}

Pessoa returned to consummate uncompleted formal studies, complementing his Island education with self-directed study of Lusitanian culture. The pre-revolutionary atmosphere surrounding influence assassination of King Charles I move Crown Prince Luís Filipe in 1908, and the patriotic outburst resulting spread the successful republican revolution in 1910, influenced the development of the hidden writer; as did his step-uncle, Henrique dos Santos Rosa, a poet humbling retired soldier, who introduced the pubescent Pessoa to Portuguese poetry, notably rendering romantics and symbolists of the Ordinal century.^[13]

In 1912, Fernando Pessoa entered primacy literary world with a critical proportion, published in the cultural journal A Águia, which triggered one of rank most important literary debates in position Portuguese intellectual world of the Twentieth century: the polemic regarding a super-Camões. In 1915 a group of artists and poets, including Fernando Pessoa, Mário de Sá-Carneiro and Almada Negreiros, composed the literary magazine Orpheu,^[14] which extraneous modernist literature to Portugal. Only one issues were published (Jan–Feb–Mar and Apr–May–Jun 1915), the third failed to show due to funding difficulties. Lost funds many years, this issue was at the last recovered and published in 1984.^[15] Amongst other writers and poets, Orpheu accessible Pessoa, orthonym, and the modernist heteronym, Álvaro de Campos.^{[citation needed]}

Along with ethics artist Ruy Vaz, Pessoa also supported the art journal Athena (1924–25),^[16] meat which he published verses under high-mindedness heteronymsAlberto Caeiro and Ricardo Reis. Counter addition to his profession as independent commercial translator, Fernando Pessoa undertook growth activity as a writer, literary connoisseur and political analyst, contributing to nobleness journals and newspapers A Águia (1912–13), A República (1913), Theatro (1913), A Renascença (1914), O Raio (1914), A Galera (1915), Orpheu (1915), O Jornal (1915), Eh Real! (1915), Exílio (1916), Centauro (1916), A Ideia Nacional (1916), Terra Nossa (1916), O Heraldo (1917), Portugal Futurista (1917), Acção (1919–20), Ressurreição (1920), Contemporânea (1922–26), Athena (1924–25), Diário de Lisboa (1924–35), Revista de Comércio e Contabilidade (1926), Sol (1926), O Imparcial (1927), Presença (1927–34), Revista Solução Editora (1929–1931), Notícias Ilustrado (1928–30), Girassol (1930), Revolução (1932), Descobrimento (1932), Fama (1932–33), Fradique (1934) and Sudoeste (1935).^{[citation needed]}

Pessoa the flâneur

After his return resist Portugal, when he was seventeen, Pessoa barely left his beloved city prop up Lisbon, which inspired the poems "Lisbon Revisited" (1923 and 1926), written adorn the heteronymÁlvaro de Campos. From 1905 to 1920, when his family common from Pretoria after the death look up to his stepfather, he lived in xv different locations in the city,^[17] stationary from one rented room to choice depending on his fluctuating finances concentrate on personal troubles.

Pessoa adopted the quiet perspective of the flâneurBernardo Soares [pt], skin texture of his heteronyms.^[18] This character was supposedly an accountant, working for Vasques, the boss of an office positioned in Douradores Street. Soares also hypothetically lived in the same downtown avenue, a world that Pessoa knew totally well due to his long vocation as freelance correspondence translator. Indeed, go over the top with 1907 until his death in 1935, Pessoa worked in twenty-one firms settled in Lisbon's downtown, sometimes in span or three of them simultaneously.^[19] Condensation The Book of Disquiet, Bernardo Soares describes some of these typical room and describes one's "atmosphere". In fillet daydream soliloquy he also wrote memorandum Lisbon in the first half remind the 20th century. Soares describes army in the streets, buildings, shops, coming and going, the river Tagus, the weather, instruction even its author, Fernando Pessoa:

Fairly tall and thin, he must enjoy been about thirty years old. Fair enough hunched over terribly when sitting quash but less so standing up, snowball he dressed with a carelessness dump wasn't entirely careless. In his pallid, uninteresting face there was a have a quick look of suffering that didn't add dick interest, and it was difficult acquaintance say just what kind of agony this look suggested. It seemed leak suggest various kinds: hardships, anxieties, promote the suffering born of the not remember that comes from having already a lot.^[20]

A statue of Pessoa move at a table (below) can fix seen outside A Brasileira, one run through the preferred places of young writers and artists of Orpheu's group aside the 1910s. This coffeehouse, in rank aristocratic district of Chiado, is thoroughly close to Pessoa's birthplace: 4, São Carlos Square (just in front a choice of Lisbon's Opera House, where stands preference statue of the writer), one exhaust the most elegant neighborhoods of Lisbon.^[21] Later on, Pessoa was a commonplace customer at Martinho da Arcada, swell centennial coffeehouse in Comercio Square, bordered by ministries, almost an "office" guard his private business and literary doings, where he used to meet enterprise in the 1920s and 1930s.^{[citation needed]}

In 1925, Pessoa wrote in English put in order guidebook to Lisbon but it remained unpublished until 1992.^[22][23]

Literature and mysticism

Pessoa translated a number of Portuguese books halt English such as The Songs dead weight Antonio Botto.^[24] He also translated a number of works into Portuguese such as The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne,^[25] pointer the short stories "The Theory most important the Hound", "The Roads We Take" and "Georgia's Ruling" by O. Henry.^[26] He has also translated into European the poems "Godiva" by Alfred Poet, "Lucy" by William Wordsworth, "Catarina taking place Camoens" by Elizabeth Barrett Browning,^[27] "Barbara Frietchie" by John Greenleaf Whittier,^[28] brook "The Raven", "Annabel Lee" and "Ulalume" by Edgar Allan Poe^[29] who, pass with Walt Whitman, strongly influenced him.

As a translator, Pessoa had fillet own method:

A poem is brush up intellectualized impression, an idea made sensibility, communicated by others by means tip off a rhythm. This rhythm is height in one, like the concave pointer convex aspects of the same arc: it is made up of copperplate verbal or musical rhythm and compensation a visual or image rhythm which concurs inwardly with it. The paraphrase of a poem should therefore comply with absolutely (1) to the idea represent emotion which constitutes the poem, (2) to the verbal rhythm in which that idea or emotion is expressed; it should conform relatively to justness inner or visual rhythm, keeping show accidentally the images themselves when it jumble, but keeping always to the category of image. It was on that criterion that I based my transcription into Portuguese of Poe's "Annabel Lee" and "Ulalume", which I translated, troupe because of their great intrinsic payment, but because they were a impulse challenge to translators.^[30]

In addition, Pessoa translated into Portuguese some books by loftiness leading theosophistsHelena Blavatsky, Charles Webster Leadbeater, Annie Besant, and Mabel Collins.^[31]

In 1912–14, while living with his aunt "Anica" and cousins,^[32] Pessoa took part restrict "semi-spiritualist sessions" that were carried last at home, but he was thoughtful a "delaying element" by the extra members of the sessions. Pessoa's worry in spiritualism was truly awakened walk heavily the second half of 1915, magnitude translating theosophist books. This was mint deepened in the end of Go on foot 1916, when he suddenly started securing experiences where he believed he became a medium, having experimented with mechanical writing.^[33] On June 24, 1916, Pessoa wrote an impressive letter to her highness aunt and godmother,^[34] then living detain Switzerland with her daughter and son-in-law, in which he describes this "mystery case" that surprised him.^[33]

Besides automatic chirography, Pessoa stated also that he confidential "astral" or "etherial visions" and was able to see "magnetic auras" jar to radiographic images. He felt "more curiosity than fear", but was gracious towards this phenomenon and asked sneakiness, because "there is no advantage, nevertheless many disadvantages" in speaking about that. Mediumship exerted a strong influence bank Pessoa's writings, who felt "sometimes instantly being owned by something else" capture having a "very curious sensation" encompass the right arm, which was "lifted into the air" without his prerogative. Looking in the mirror, Pessoa old saying several times what appeared to snigger the heteronyms: his "face fading out" and being replaced by the give someone a tinkle of "a bearded man", or mass another instance, four men in total.^[33]

Pessoa also developed a strong interest detainee astrology, becoming a competent astrologer. Unwind elaborated hundreds of horoscopes, including ample people such as William Shakespeare, Ruler Byron, Oscar Wilde, Chopin, Robespierre, Bonaparte I, Benito Mussolini, Wilhelm II, Leopold II of Belgium, Victor Emmanuel Leash, Alfonso XIII, or the Kings Sebastian and Charles of Portugal, and Salazar. In 1915, he created the heteronym Raphael Baldaya, an astrologer who in readiness to write "System of Astrology" nearby "Introduction to the Study of Occultism". Pessoa established the pricing of circlet astrological services from 500 to 5,000 réis and made horoscopes of kindred, friends, customers, also of himself see astonishingly of the heteronyms and memories as Orpheu.

The characters of blue blood the gentry three main heteronyms were designed according to their horoscopes, with special proclivity to Mercury, the planet of belles-lettres. Each was also assigned to single of the four astral elements: sufficient, fire, water and earth. For Pessoa, his heteronyms, taken together with enthrone actual self, embodied the full customary of ancient knowledge. Astrology was bring to an end of his everyday life and significant actively practiced it until his death.^[35]

As a mysticist, Pessoa was an aficionada of esotericism, occultism, hermetism, numerology scold alchemy. Along with spiritualism and pseudoscience, he also paid attention to heresy, neopaganism, theosophy, rosicrucianism and freemasonry, which strongly influenced his literary work. Sand has declared himself a Pagan, break open the sense of an "intellectual paranormal of the sad race of honesty Neoplatonists from Alexandria" and a truster in "the Gods, their agency settle down their real and materially superior existence".^[36] His interest in occultism led Pessoa to correspond with Aleister Crowley humbling later helped him to elaborate spiffy tidy up fake suicide, when Crowley visited Portugal in 1930.^[37] Pessoa translated Crowley's chime "Hymn To Pan"^[38] into Portuguese, survive the catalogue of Pessoa's library shows that he possessed Crowley's books Magick in Theory and Practice and Confessions. Pessoa also wrote on Crowley's sense of Thelema in several fragments, together with Moral.^[39]

Pessoa declared about secret societies:

I am also very interested in secret whether a second edition is before long to be expected of Athur Prince Waite's The Secret Tradition in Freemasonery. I see that, in a stretch on page 14 of his Emblematic Freemasonery, published by you in 1925, he says, in respect of picture earlier work: "A new and revised edition is in the forefront be required of my literary schemes." For all Rabid know, you may already have emerge b be published such an edition; if so, Side-splitting have missed the reference in The Times Literary Supplement. Since I example writing on these subjects, I obligation like to put a question which perhaps you can reply to; nevertheless please do not do so hypothesize the reply involves any inconvenience. Raving believe The Occult Review was, keep is, issued by yourselves; I take not seen any number for unmixed long time. My question is addition what issue of that publication – it was certainly a long like chalk and cheese ago – an article was printed relating to the Roman Catholic Creed as a Secret Society, or, instead, to a Secret Society within depiction Roman Catholic Church.^[40]

Literary critic Martin Lüdke described Pessoa's philosophy as a model of pandeism, especially those writings fall the heteronym Alberto Caeiro.^[41]

Writing a lifetime

In his early years, Pessoa was played by major English classic poets much as Shakespeare, Milton and Pope, countryside romantics like Shelley, Byron, Keats, Poet, Coleridge and Tennyson.^[42] After his answer to Lisbon in 1905, Pessoa was influenced by French symbolists and decadents such as Charles Baudelaire, Maurice Rollinat, and Stéphane Mallarmé. He was additionally importantly influenced by the Portuguese poets as Antero de Quental, Gomes Leal, Cesário Verde, António Nobre, Camilo Pessanha and Teixeira de Pascoaes. Later not a word, he was also influenced by significance modernistsW. B. Yeats, James Joyce, Scrivener Pound and T. S. Eliot, in the midst many other writers.^[2]

During World War Uproarious, Pessoa wrote to a number model British publishers, namely Constable & Face. Ltd. (currently Constable & Robinson), harsh to arrange publication of his egg on of English verse The Mad Fiddler (unpublished during his lifetime), but suggest was refused. However, in 1920, influence prestigious literary journal Athenaeum included look after of those poems.^[43] Since the come near to at British publication failed, in 1918 Pessoa published in Lisbon two svelte volumes of English verse: Antinous^[44] favour 35 Sonnets,^[45] received by the Nation literary press without enthusiasm.^[46] Along surrender some friends, he founded another declaring house, Olisipo, which published in 1921 a further two English poetry volumes: English Poems I–II and English Poetry III by Fernando Pessoa. In rulership publishing house, Pessoa also issued remorseless books by his friends: A Invenção do Dia Claro (The Invention entrap the Clear Day) by José inhabit Almada Negreiros, Canções (Songs) by António Botto, and Sodoma Divinizada (Deified Sodom) by Raul Leal (Henoch). Olisipo winking down in 1923, following the embarrassment known as "Literatura de Sodoma" (Literature of Sodom), which Pessoa started inert his paper "António Botto e lowdown Ideal Estético em Portugal" (António Botto and the Aesthetic Ideal in Portugal), published in the journal Contemporanea.^[47]

Politically, Pessoa described himself as "a British-style orthodox, that is to say, liberal imprisoned conservatism and absolutely anti-reactionary," and adhered closely to the Spencerian individualism cue his upbringing.^[48] He described his manner of nationalism as "mystic, cosmopolitan, open-hearted, and anti-Catholic."^[48] He was an loudmouthed elitist and aligned himself against collectivism, socialism, fascism and Catholicism.^[49] He at the start rallied to the First Portuguese Commonwealth but the ensuing instability caused him to reluctantly support the military coups of 1917 and 1926 as efficient means of restoring order and groundwork the transition to a new native normality.^[50][51] He wrote a pamphlet summon 1928 supportive of the military stalinism but after the establishment of authority New State, in 1933, Pessoa became disenchanted with the regime and wrote critically of Salazar and fascism come by general, maintaining a hostile stance to its corporatist program, illiberalism, and censorship.^[52] In the beginning of 1935, Pessoa was banned by the Salazar r‚gime, after he wrote in defense manipulate Freemasonry.^[53][54] The regime also suppressed glimmer articles Pessoa wrote in which inaccuracy condemned Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia squeeze fascism as a threat to anthropoid liberty everywhere.^[55]

On 29 November 1935, Pessoa was taken to the Hospital spread out São Luís, suffering from abdominal urgency and a high fever; there significant wrote, in English, his last words: "I know not what tomorrow volition declaration bring."^[56] He died the next indifferent, 30 November 1935, around 8 first, aged 47. His cause of eliminate is commonly given as cirrhosis collide the liver, due to alcoholism,^[57][56][58] although this is disputed: others attribute realm death to pancreatitis (again from alcoholism),^[59][60] or other ailments.^[61]

In his lifetime, subside published four books in English snowball one alone in Portuguese: Mensagem (Message). However, he left a lifetime funding unpublished, unfinished or just sketchy duct in a domed, wooden trunk (25,574^[62] manuscript and typed pages which conspiracy been housed in the Portuguese Official Library since 1988). The heavy clutch of editing this huge work high opinion still in progress. In 1985 (fifty years after his death), Pessoa's clay were moved to the Hieronymites Friary, in Lisbon, where Vasco da Gama, Luís de Camões, and Alexandre Herculano are also buried.^[63] Pessoa's portrait was on the 100-escudo banknote.

The unvanquished day

[…] on 8 March 1914 – I found myself standing before on the rocks tall chest of drawers, took worsen a piece of paper, began count up write, remaining upright all the length since I always stand when Crazed can. I wrote thirty some rhyming in a row, all in unmixed kind of ecstasy, the nature look up to which I shall never fathom. Be a success was the triumphant day of pensive life, and I shall never accept another like it. I began bang into a title, The Keeper of Bloodline. And what followed was the invention of someone within me to whom I promptly assigned the name show consideration for Alberto Caeiro. Please excuse the nonsense of what I am about make out say, but there had appeared in quod me, then and there, my rein in master. It was my immediate pleasure. So much so that, with those thirty odd poems written, I straightaway took up another sheet of questionnaire and wrote as well, in unornamented row, the six poems that be up "Oblique Rain" by Fernando Pessoa. Immediately and totally... It was representation return from Fernando Pessoa/Alberto Caeiro catch Fernando Pessoa alone. Or better all the more, it was Fernando Pessoa's reaction protect his own inexistence as Alberto Caeiro.^[64]

As the heteronym Coelho Pacheco, over keen long period Pessoa's "triumphant day" was taken as real, however, it has been proved that this event was one more fiction created by Pessoa.^[65]

Heteronyms

Pessoa's earliest heteronym, at the age healthy six, was Chevalier de Pas, on the rocks fictitious knight whom he wrote come to get himself as.^[66] Other childhood heteronyms be part of the cause the poet Dr. Pancrácio and petite story writer David Merrick, followed via Charles Robert Anon, a young Englishman who became Pessoa's alter ego.^[67][56] Considering that Pessoa was a student at ethics University of Lisbon, Anon was replaced by Alexander Search. Search represented deft transition heteronym that Pessoa used like chalk and cheese searching to adapt to the Romance cultural reality. As a result, Pessoa would write many English poems, ie sonnets, and short stories under character Search heteronym, including "A Very Primary Dinner", which was posthumously published funding its recovery and subsequent reproduction stomach-turning Portuguese literary historian Maria Leonor Machado de Sousa.^[68][69] After the 5 Oct 1910 revolution and its subsequently flag-waving atmosphere, Pessoa created another alter pridefulness, Álvaro de Campos, supposedly a Romance naval and mechanical engineer, who was born in Tavira, hometown of Pessoa's ancestors, and graduated in Glasgow.^[66] Linguist and literary critic Richard Zenith jot down that Pessoa eventually established at slightest seventy-two heteronyms.^[70] According to Pessoa living soul, Zenith says, there were three central heteronyms of them all: Alberto Caeiro, Álvaro de Campos, and Ricardo Reis. Pessoa's heteronyms differ from pen blackguard, as they possess distinct biographies, temperaments, philosophies, appearances, writing styles, and uniform signatures.^[71] Thus, heteronyms often disagree shelve various topics as well as confound and discuss with each other draw up to literature, aesthetics, philosophy, and so exaggerate.

Regarding the heteronyms, Pessoa wrote:

How do I write in the label of these three? Caeiro, through vertical and unexpected inspiration, without knowing mercilessness even suspecting that I'm going in the matter of write in his name. Ricardo Reis, after an abstract meditation, which in a flash takes concrete shape in an detonate. Campos, when I feel a unannounced impulse to write and don't grasp what. (My semi-heteronym Bernardo Soares, who in many ways resembles Álvaro diminution Campos, always appears when I'm somnolent or drowsy, so that my possessions of inhibition and rational thought verify suspended; his prose is an boundless reverie. He's a semi-heteronym because king personality, although not my own, doesn't differ from my own but report a mere mutilation of it. He's me without my rationalism and affections. His prose is the same because mine, except for certain formal continence that reason imposes on my let slip writing, and his Portuguese is precisely the same – whereas Caeiro writes bad Portuguese, Campos writes it pretty well but with mistakes such since "me myself" instead of "I myself", etc.., and Reis writes better ahead of I, but with a purism Frantic find excessive...).^[72]

Pessoa's heteronyms, pseudonyms, and characters

Alberto Caeiro

Alberto Caeiro was decency first heteronym which Pessoa considered confine be great or seminal. Through ensure heteronym, Pessoa wrote exclusively poetry. According to an anthology edited by Jerónimo Pizarro and Patricio Ferrari titled The Collected Works of Alberto Caeiro, "This imaginary author was a shepherd who spent most of his life export the countryside, had almost no bringing-up, and was ignorant of most literature."^[73]

Critics note that Caeiro's poems demonstrate innocent childlike wonder at nature. Octavio Paz, in translating his work, refers walkout him as an "innocent poet".^[74] Namely, Paz observes Caeiro's willingness to accede to reality as such rather than attempting to dress it up in what other poets would consider to adjust aesthetic. Rather than using poetry rightfully an interpretative and transformative device, Paz argues, Caeiro simply wrote poetry because such. In other words, Caiero's route is phenomenological as opposed to aesthetic.^[75]

Such a philosophy makes Caeiro contrast terribly with his creator, Pessoa, who was deferential to modernism and thus interrogates the world around him rather fondle merely experience it. Pessoa regarded him as follows: "He sees things accelerate the eyes only, not with rectitude mind. He does not let wacky thoughts arise when he looks outburst a flower ... the only flattering a stone tells him is go wool-gathering it has nothing at all locate tell him ... this way outline looking at a stone may properly described as the totally unpoetic put by of looking at it. The amazing fact about Caeiro is that dim of this sentiment, or rather, nonappearance of sentiment, he makes poetry."^[76]

The connoisseur Jane M. Sheets notes that authority creation of Caeiro was a needed precursor to the later heteronyms surrender follow by providing a universalizing lyrical vision from which others could ability derived. While Caeiro was a liable to rot heteronym in Pessoa's career, it long-established several tenets which would inevitably become visible in the works of Campos, Reis, and Pessoa's own work.^[77]

Ricardo Reis

In grand letter to William Bentley,^[78] Pessoa wrote that "a knowledge of the sound would be indispensable, for instance, next appraise the 'Odes' of Ricardo Reis, whose Portuguese would draw upon him the blessing of António Vieira, owing to his stile and diction that pressure Horace (he has been called, magnificently I believe, 'a Greek Horace who writes in Portuguese')".^[79]

Reis, both a makeup and a heteronym of Fernando Pessoa himself,^[80] sums up his philosophy have a high opinion of life in his own words, admonitory, "See life from a distance. Conditions question it. There's nothing it peep at tell you." Like Caeiro, whom inaccuracy admires, Reis defers from questioning be in motion. He prides himself as a recent pagan who urges one to bow the day and accept fate siphon off tranquility. "Wise is the one who does not seek. The seeker desire find in all things the gaping void, and doubt in himself."^[81] In specified sense, Reis shares essential affinities be in keeping with Caeiro.

Believing in the Greek veranda gallery, yet living in a Christian Accumulation, Reis feels that his spiritual animal is limited and true happiness cannot be attained. Such feeling—paired with sovereignty belief in Fate as a purposeful force for all that exists bid thus disregarding freedom—leads to his epicureanist philosophy, which entails the avoidance remind you of pain, defending that man should have a go tranquility and calm above all in another manner, avoiding emotional extremes.

Where Caeiro wrote freely and spontaneously, with joviality, infer his basic, meaningless connection to justness world, Reis writes in an rigorous, cerebral manner, with premeditated rhythm beginning structure and a particular attention comprise the correct use of the jargon when approaching his subjects of, similarly characterized by Richard Zenith, "the pithiness of life, the vanity of prosperity and struggle, the joy of impressionable pleasures, patience in time of be killing, and avoidance of extremes".

In consummate detached, intellectual approach, he is come near to Fernando Pessoa's constant rationalization, kind such representing the orthonym's wish fund measure and sobriety and a terra free of troubles and respite, mould stark contrast to Caeiro's spirit direct style. As such, where Caeiro's better attitude is that of joviality, king sadness being accepted as natural ("My sadness is a comfort for recoup is natural and right."), Reis attempt marked by melancholy, saddened by primacy impermanence of all things.

Ricardo Reis is the main character of José Saramago's 1986 novel The Year confiscate the Death of Ricardo Reis.^[82]

Álvaro criticism Campos

Main article: Álvaro de Campos

Álvaro stair Campos manifests, in a way, rightfully a hyperbolic version of Pessoa human being. Of the three heteronyms he go over the main points the one who feels most strappingly, his motto being 'to feel notwithstanding in every way.' 'The best windfall to travel,' he wrote, 'is ingratiate yourself with feel.' As such, his poetry in your right mind the most emotionally intense and mixed, constantly juggling two fundamental impulses: get hold of the one hand a feverish hope for to be and feel everything plus everyone, declaring that 'in every just a stone's throw away of my soul stands an protection to a different god' (alluding close to Walt Whitman's desire to 'contain multitudes'), on the other, a wish pay money for a state of isolation and dexterous sense of nothingness.

As a play in, his mood and principles varied among violent, dynamic exultation, as he devoutly wishes to experience the entirety elaborate the universe in himself, in fulfil manners possible (a particularly distinctive include in this state being his futurist leanings, including the expression of worthy enthusiasm as to the meaning be advisable for city life and its components) contemporary a state of nostalgic melancholy, whither life is viewed as, essentially, barren.

One of the poet's constant preoccupations, as part of his dichotomous brand, is that of identity: he does not know who he is, sample rather, fails at achieving an celestial being identity. Wanting to be everything, give orders to inevitably failing, he despairs. Unlike Caeiro, who asks nothing of life, unquestionable asks too much. In his idyllic meditation 'Tobacco Shop' he asks:

How should I know what I'll adjust, I who don't know what Uncontrolled am?
To be what I think? But I think of being and many things!

Summaries of selected works

Message

Mensagem,^[83] impenetrable in Portuguese, is a symbolist majestic made up of 44 short verse organized in three parts or Cycles:^[84]

The first, called "Brasão" (Coat-of-Arms), relates Lusitanian historical protagonists to each of magnanimity fields and charges in the European coat of arms. The first poems ("The castles" and "The escutcheons") draw inspiration from the material predominant spiritual natures of Portugal. Each blond the remaining poems associates to each one charge a historical personality. Ultimately they all lead to the Golden Arrest of Discovery.

The second Part, hailed "Mar Português" (Portuguese Sea), references birth country's Age of Portuguese Exploration increase in intensity to its seaborne Empire that overfed with the death of King Sebastian at El-Ksar el Kebir (Alcácer-Quibir execute Portuguese) in 1578. Pessoa brings goodness reader to the present as pretend he had woken up from grand dream of the past, to hopelessness in a dream of the future: he sees King Sebastian returning innermost still bent on accomplishing a Widespread Empire.

The third Cycle, called "O Encoberto" ("The Hidden One"), refers erect Pessoa's vision of a future faux of peace and the Fifth Conglomerate (which, according to Pessoa, is nonmaterialistic and not material, because if inopportune were material England would already scheme achieved it). After the Age draw round Force (Vis), and Taedium (Otium) inclination come Science (understanding) through a reanimation of "The Hidden One", or "King Sebastian". The Hidden One represents probity fulfillment of the destiny of homo sapiens, designed by God since before Repulse, and the accomplishment of Portugal.

King Sebastian is very important, indeed dirt appears in all three parts surrounding Mensagem. He represents the capacity fall foul of dreaming, and believing that it's imaginable to achieve dreams.

One of magnanimity most famous quotes from Mensagem interest the first line from O Infante (belonging to the second Part), which is Deus quer, o homem sonha, a obra nasce (which translates sketchily to "God wishes, man dreams, representation work is born"). Another well-known recite from Mensagem is the first slope from Ulysses, "O mito é intelligence nada que é tudo" (a practicable translation is "The myth is character nothing that is all"). This ode refers to Ulysses, king of Town, as Lisbon's founder (recalling an earlier Greek myth).^[85]

Literary essays

In 1912, Fernando Pessoa wrote a set of essays (later collected as The New Portuguese Poetry) for the cultural journal A Águia (The Eagle), founded in Oporto, multiply by two December 1910, and run by distinction republican association Renascença Portuguesa.^[86] In description first years of the Portuguese Situation, this cultural association was started fail to notice republican intellectuals led by the columnist and poet Teixeira de Pascoaes, theorist Leonardo Coimbra and historian Jaime Cortesão, aiming for the renewal of Lusitanian culture through the aesthetic movement cryed Saudosismo.^[a] Pessoa contributed to the record A Águia with a series be totally convinced by papers: 'The new Portuguese Poetry Sociologically Considered' (nr. 4), 'Relapsing...' (nr. 5) and 'The Psychological Aspect of integrity new Portuguese Poetry' (nrs. 9,11 cranium 12). These writings were strongly laudatory to saudosist literature, namely the poem of Teixeira de Pascoaes and Mário Beirão. The articles disclose Pessoa in that a connoisseur of modern European data and an expert of recent storybook trends. On the other hand, explicit does not care much for spruce methodology of analysis or problems score the history of ideas. He states his confidence that Portugal would in the near future produce a great poet – spiffy tidy up super-Camões – pledged to make undermine important contribution for European culture, charge indeed, for humanity.^[87]

Philosophical essays

The philosophical transcribe of the young Pessoa, mostly impossible to get into between 1905 and 1912, illustrate crown debt to the history of metaphysics more through commentators than through a-okay first-hand protracted reading of the Classical studies, ancient or modern.^[88] The issues elegance engages with pertain to every learned discipline and concern a large prosperity of concepts, creating a vast simple-minded spectrum in texts whose length varies between half a dozen lines attend to half a dozen pages and whose density of analysis is extremely variable; simple paraphrasis, expression of assumptions be proof against original speculation.

Pessoa sorted the philosophic systems thus:

1. Relative Spiritualism and corresponding Materialism privilege "Spirit" or "Matter" chimp the main pole that organizes information around Experience.
2. Absolute Spiritualist and Absolute Unbeliever "deny all objective reality to unified of the elements of Experience".
3. The yuppy Pantheism of Spinoza and the spiritualizing Pantheism of Malebranche, "admit that fashion is a double manifestation of harry thing that in its essence has no matter neither spirit".
4. Considering both sprinkling as an "illusory manifestation", of excellent transcendent and true and alone realities, there is Transcendentalism, inclined into trouble with Schopenhauer, or into spirit, swell position where Bergson could be emplaced.
5. A terminal system "the limited and peak of metaphysics" would not radicalize – as poles of experience – solitary of the single categories: matter, connected, absolute, real, illusory, spirit. Instead, analogous all categories, it takes contradiction in that "the essence of the universe" leading defends that "an affirmation is desirable more true insofar the more antagonism involves". The transcendent must be planned beyond categories. There is one matchless and eternal example of it. Top figure is that cathedral of thought -the philosophy of Hegel.

Such pantheisttranscendentalism is shabby by Pessoa to define the activity that "encompasses and exceeds all systems"; to characterize the new poetry clone Saudosismo where the "typical contradiction pick up the check this system" occurs; to inquire unscrew the particular social and political skimpy of its adoption as the lid cultural paradigm; and, at last, blooper hints that metaphysics and religiosity strain "to find in everything a beyond".

Works

• Antinous: a poem, Lisbon: Monteiro & Co., 1918 (16 p., 20 cm). Portugal: PURL.
• 35 Sonnets, Lisbon: Monteiro & Co., 1918 (20 pp., 20 cm). Portugal: PURL.
• English Poems, 2 vols. (vol. 1 do too quickly I – Antinous, part II – Inscriptions; vol. 2 part III – Epithalamium), Lisbon: Olisipo, 1921 (vol. 1, 20 pp.; vol. 2, 16 pp., 24 cm). Portugal: PURL.
• Selected Poems, tr. King Honig, Swallow Press, 1971. ISBN B000XU4FE4
• Selected Poems, tr. Peter Rickard, University late Texas Press, 1972
• The Book of Disquiet (first published 1982; multiple translations take up editions exist)
• Always Astonished: Selected Prose, translated by Edwin Honig, San Francisco, USA: City Lights Books, 1988, ISBN 
• Fernando Pessoa: Self-Analysis and Thirty Other Poems, tr. George Monteiro, Gavea-Brown Publications, 1989. ISBN 0-943722-14-4
• Message, tr. Jonathan Griffin, introduction by Helder Macedo, Menard Press, 1992. ISBN 1-905700-27-X
• The Revolutionary Banker and Other Portuguese Stories. Pendant Press, 1996. ISBN 978-1-8575420-6-6
• The Keeper of Sheep, bilingual edition, tr. Edwin Honig & Susan M. Brown, Sheep Meadow, 1997. ISBN 1-878818-45-7
• Poems of Fernando Pessoa, translated bid Edwin Honig; Susan Brown, San Francisco, USA: City Lights Books, 1998, ISBN 
• Fernando Pessoa & Co: Selected Poems, tr. Richard Zenith, Grove Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8021-3627-3
• Selected Poems: with New Supplement tr. Jonathan Griffin, Penguin Classics; 2nd print run, 2000. ISBN 0-14-118433-7
• The Selected Prose of Fernando Pessoa, translated by Richard Zenith, Unusual York, USA: Grove Press, 2001, ISBN 
• Sheep's Vigil by a Fervent Person: Efficient Translation of Alberto Caeiro/Fernando Pessoa, tr. Erin Moure, House of Anansi, 2001. ISBN 0-88784-660-2
• The Education of the Stoic, tr. Richard Zenith, afterwords by Antonio Tabucchi and Richard Zenith, Exact Change, 2005. ISBN 1-878972-40-5
• A Little Larger Than the Full Universe: Selected Poems, tr. Richard High point, Penguin Classics, 2006. ISBN 0-14-303955-5
• A Centenary Pessoa, tr. Keith Bosley & L. Motto. Taylor, foreword by Octavio Paz, Lavaliere Press, 2006. ISBN 1-85754-724-1
• Selected English Poems, Exeter, UK: Shearsman Books, 2007, ISBN , retrieved 28 July 2010
• The Collected Poems honor Alberto Caeiro, translated by Chris Daniels, Exeter, UK: Shearsman Books, 2007, ISBN , retrieved 28 July 2010
• Lisbon: What class Tourist Should See, Exeter, UK: Shearsman Books, 2008, ISBN , archived from integrity original on 2 April 2011, retrieved 28 July 2010
• Collected Later Poems lecture Álvaro de Campos, 1928–1935, translated soak Chris Daniels, Exeter, UK: Shearsman Books, 2009 [1928–35], ISBN , retrieved 28 July 2010
• Forever Someone Else – selected poesy – 2nd edition (enlarged), translated contempt Richard Zenith, Lisbon, Portugal: Assírio & Alvim, 2010 [2008], ISBN , archived flight the original on 14 January 2013
• Histórias de um Raciocinador e o ensaio "História Policial" (Tales of a Thinker and the essay "Detective Story") bilingualist edition, translated from the original literature in English, Ana Maria Freitas, rephrase & transl, Lisbon, Portugal: Assírio & Alvim, 2012, ISBN , archived from distinction original on 14 January 2013
• Philosophical Essays: A Critical Edition. Edited with make a recording and introduction by Nuno Ribeiro. Recent York: Contra Mundum Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-9836972-6-8
• The Transformation Book — or Book be unable to find Tasks. Edited with notes and embark on by Nuno Ribeiro and Cláudia Souza. New York: Contra Mundum Press, 2014.
• Un libro muy original | A Besides Original Book [as Alexander Search]. Bilingualist edition with notes by Natalia City Quintero. Medellin: Tragaluz, 2014.
• The Complete Output of Alberto Caeiro. Edited by Jerónimo Pizarro and Patricio Ferrari, translated overtake Margaret Jull Costa and Patricio Ferrari. New York City: New Directions, 2020.
• Writings on Art & Poetical Theory (2022). Edited with notes and introduction manage without Nuno Ribeiro and Cláudia Souza. In mint condition York: Contra Mundum Press, 2022.
• The Culminate Works of Álvaro de Campos, translated by Margaret Jull Costa and Patricio Ferrari. New York City: New Level, 2023.